Echolocation: how bats see with sound, sentence 6

Most bat calls are ultrasound, too high for grown-ups to hear; a bat detector turns them into clicks we can hear.

Who acts: Most bat calls, grown ups, bat detector, we · What happens: be, grow, hear, turn · To what, where: ultrasound, ups, clicks

This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation: how bats see with sound» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most bat calls, grown ups, bat detector, we), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	3 calls	amod
2	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 calls	compound
3	calls	call	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 ultrasound	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 ultrasound	cop
5	ultrasound	ultrasound	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 high	punct
7	too	too	ADV	_	8 high	advmod
8	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 ultrasound	conj
9	for	for	SCONJ	_	12 ups	mark
10	grown	grow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 ups	amod
11	-	-	PUNCT	_	12 ups	punct
12	ups	up	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 hear	nsubj
13	to	to	PART	_	14 hear	mark
14	hear	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 high	advcl
15	;	;	PUNCT	_	19 turns	punct
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 detector	det
17	bat	bat	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 detector	compound
18	detector	detector	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 turns	nsubj
19	turns	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 ultrasound	parataxis
20	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	19 turns	obj
21	into	into	ADP	_	22 clicks	case
22	clicks	click	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 turns	obl
23	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	25 hear	nsubj
24	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	25 hear	aux
25	hear	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	22 clicks	acl:relcl
26	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 ultrasound	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed polarity=none

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	is a	present	Most bat calls	ultrasound		tree rules
2	be		Most bat calls not said here			tree rules
3	grow	participle				vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	hear	to-infinitive	grown ups			vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer
5	turn	present	a bat detector	ups = up	clicks	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent they=Theme into click=Trajectory
6	hear	can	we	clicks not said here		vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer click=Stimulus

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound.lesson:6.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/229-echolocation-how-bats-see-with-sound/6/