Echolocation in the sea and in people: dolphins, whales, swiftlets and clicking humans, sentence 11

A beluga whale can change the shape of its melon to aim its clicks, and it uses echoes to find breathing holes in Arctic ice.

Who acts: beluga whale, shape · What happens: change, aim, use, find, breathe, click · To what, where: shape, clicks, echoes, breathing holes, Arctic ice

This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation in the sea and in people: dolphins, whales, swiftlets and clicking humans» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (beluga whale, shape), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 whale	det
2	beluga	beluga	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 whale	compound
3	whale	whale	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 change	nsubj
4	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 change	aux
5	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 shape	det
7	shape	shape	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 change	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 melon	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 melon	nmod:poss
10	melon	melon	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 shape	nmod
11	to	to	PART	_	12 aim	mark
12	aim	aim	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 change	advcl
13	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 clicks	nmod:poss
14	clicks	click	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 aim	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 uses	punct
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	18 uses	cc
17	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 uses	nsubj
18	uses	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 change	conj
19	echoes	echo	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 uses	obj
20	to	to	PART	_	21 find	mark
21	find	find	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	18 uses	advcl
22	breathing	breathe	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	23 holes	amod
23	holes	hole	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 find	obj
24	in	in	ADP	_	26 ice	case
25	Arctic	arctic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 ice	amod
26	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 holes	nmod
27	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 change	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	change	can	a beluga whale	the shape of shape's melon		vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Patient
2	aim	to-infinitive	a beluga whale not said here	shape's clicks		vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot click=Theme
3	use	present	shape	echoes		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent echo=Patient
4	find	to-infinitive	shape not said here	breathing holes	Arctic ice	vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Topic
5	breathe	gerund				vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6	click		shape			nom click «event transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:230-echolocation-in-the-sea-and-in-people-dolphins-whales-swiftlets-and-clicking-humans.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/230-echolocation-in-the-sea-and-in-people-dolphins-whales-swiftlets-and-clicking-humans/11/