Echolocation in the sea and in people: dolphins, whales, swiftlets and clicking humans, sentence 13
Fish do not talk, but many make sounds by drumming muscles on their swim bladder, grinding teeth or rubbing bones, and a coral reef at night is noisy with the crackle of snapping shrimps and the grunts of fish.
Who acts: Fish, many, coral reef, snapping shrimps · What happens: not talk, make, drum, grind, rub, be · To what, where: sounds, muscles, teeth, bones
This is a sentence of the lesson «Echolocation in the sea and in people: dolphins, whales, swiftlets and clicking humans» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fish, many, coral reef, snapping shrimps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 talk | nsubj |
| 2 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 talk | aux |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 4 talk | advmod |
| 4 | talk | talk | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 make | punct |
| 6 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 8 make | cc |
| 7 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 make | nsubj |
| 8 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 talk | conj |
| 9 | sounds | sound | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 make | obj |
| 10 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 11 drumming | mark |
| 11 | drumming | drum | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 8 make | advcl |
| 12 | muscles | muscle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 drumming | obj |
| 13 | on | on | ADP | _ | 16 bladder | case |
| 14 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 bladder | nmod:poss |
| 15 | swim | swim | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 bladder | compound |
| 16 | bladder | bladder | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 drumming | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 grinding | punct |
| 18 | grinding | grind | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 11 drumming | conj |
| 19 | teeth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 grinding | obj |
| 20 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 21 rubbing | cc |
| 21 | rubbing | rub | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 18 grinding | conj |
| 22 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 rubbing | obj |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 noisy | punct |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 noisy | cc |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 27 reef | det |
| 26 | coral | coral | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 27 reef | amod |
| 27 | reef | reef | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 noisy | nsubj |
| 28 | at | at | ADP | _ | 29 night | case |
| 29 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 reef | nmod |
| 30 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 noisy | cop |
| 31 | noisy | noisy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 talk | conj |
| 32 | with | with | ADP | _ | 34 crackle | case |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 crackle | det |
| 34 | crackle | crackle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 noisy | obl |
| 35 | of | of | SCONJ | _ | 37 shrimps | case |
| 36 | snapping | snap | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 37 shrimps | amod |
| 37 | shrimps | shrimp | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 crackle | nmod |
| 38 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 grunts | cc |
| 39 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 grunts | det |
| 40 | grunts | grunt | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 crackle | conj |
| 41 | of | of | ADP | _ | 42 fish | case |
| 42 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | 40 grunts | nmod |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 talk | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not talk | present · do-support | Fish | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | make | present | many | sounds | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product | ||||
| 3 | drum | gerund | many not said here | muscles | on muscles's swim bladder | vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent muscle=Instrument on bladder=Patient | |||
| 4 | grind | gerund | many not said here | teeth | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient | ||||
| 5 | rub | gerund | many not said here | bones | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent bone=Theme | ||||
| 6 | is | present | a coral reef at night | with the crackle of snapping shrimps and the grunts of fish; noisy property | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | snap | gerund | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 8 | crackle | snapping shrimps | nom crackle «event intransitive»: of=agent | ||||||
| 9 | grunt | fish | nom grunt «event intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:230-echolocation-in-the-sea-and-in-people-dolphins-whales-swiftlets-and-clicking-humans.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/230-echolocation-in-the-sea-and-in-people-dolphins-whales-swiftlets-and-clicking-humans/13/