Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics, sentence 10
Cane toads have poison glands behind their heads and can make dogs very sick; they were brought to Australia in 1935 to eat beetles in sugar cane fields, spread, poisoned native animals, and now number in the hundreds of millions, as was reported.
Who acts: Cane toads · What happens: have, make, bring, eat, spread, poison · To what, where: poison glands, heads, dogs, toads, Australia, 1935
This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cane toads), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cane | cane | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 toads | compound |
| 2 | toads | toad | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | nsubj |
| 3 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | poison | poison | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 glands | compound |
| 5 | glands | gland | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | obj |
| 6 | behind | behind | ADP | _ | 8 heads | case |
| 7 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 8 heads | nmod:poss |
| 8 | heads | head | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | obl |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 make | cc |
| 10 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 11 make | aux |
| 11 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | 3 have | conj |
| 12 | dogs | dog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 make | obj |
| 13 | very | very | ADV | _ | 14 sick | advmod |
| 14 | sick | sick | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 make | xcomp |
| 15 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 18 brought | punct |
| 16 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 brought | nsubj:pass |
| 17 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 18 brought | aux:pass |
| 18 | brought | bring | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 have | parataxis |
| 19 | to | to | ADP | _ | 20 Australia | case |
| 20 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 18 brought | obl |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 22 1935 | case |
| 22 | 1935 | 1935 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 18 brought | obl |
| 23 | to | to | PART | _ | 24 eat | mark |
| 24 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 brought | advcl |
| 25 | beetles | beetle | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 eat | obj |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 fields | case |
| 27 | sugar | sugar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 cane | compound |
| 28 | cane | cane | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 fields | compound |
| 29 | fields | field | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 eat | obl |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 spread | punct |
| 31 | spread | spread | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 eat | conj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 poisoned | punct |
| 33 | poisoned | poison | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 24 eat | conj |
| 34 | native | native | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 animals | amod |
| 35 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 poisoned | obj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 number | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 number | cc |
| 38 | now | now | ADV | _ | 39 number | advmod |
| 39 | number | number | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 eat | conj |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 hundreds | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 hundreds | det |
| 42 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 number | obl |
| 43 | of | of | ADP | _ | 44 millions | case |
| 44 | millions | million | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 hundreds | nmod |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 48 reported | punct |
| 46 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 48 reported | mark |
| 47 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 48 reported | aux:pass |
| 48 | reported | report | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 have | conj |
| 49 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 have | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Cane toads | poison glands | toads's heads | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gland=Patient | |||
| 2 | make | can | Cane toads not said here | dogs | sick property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset dog=Product | |||
| 3 | bring | past · passive | toads = toad | Australia | 1935 | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to australia=Destination | |||
| 4 | eat | to-infinitive | beetles | cane fields | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent beetle=Patient | ||||
| 5 | spread | infinitive | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 6 | poison | participle | native animals | vn poison-42.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Patient | |||||
| 7 | number | present | now | in the hundreds of millions goal | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: agent=Agent in hundred=Goal | ||||
| 8 | report | past · passive | Cane toads not said here | vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP» |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/10/