Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics, sentence 8
Pufferfish, called fugu in Japan, have a very strong poison in their liver and other parts, made by bacteria in their food; only chefs with a special licence may prepare fugu, and farm-raised pufferfish can be poison-free.
Who acts: Pufferfish, chefs, farm raised pufferfish · What happens: call, have, make, prepare, raise, be · To what, where: fugu, Japan, strong poison, liver, food · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Pufferfish, chefs, farm raised pufferfish), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pufferfish | Pufferfish | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 have | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 1 Pufferfish | punct |
| 3 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 1 Pufferfish | acl |
| 4 | fugu | fugu | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 called | xcomp |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 Japan | case |
| 6 | Japan | Japan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 called | obl |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 have | punct |
| 8 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 poison | det |
| 10 | very | very | ADV | _ | 11 strong | advmod |
| 11 | strong | strong | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 poison | amod |
| 12 | poison | poison | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 have | obj |
| 13 | in | in | ADP | _ | 15 liver | case |
| 14 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 liver | nmod:poss |
| 15 | liver | liver | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 have | obl |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 parts | cc |
| 17 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 parts | amod |
| 18 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 liver | conj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 made | punct |
| 20 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 12 poison | acl |
| 21 | by | by | ADP | _ | 22 bacteria | case |
| 22 | bacteria | bacterium | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 made | obl:agent |
| 23 | in | in | ADP | _ | 25 food | case |
| 24 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 food | nmod:poss |
| 25 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 made | obl |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 28 chefs | punct |
| 27 | only | only | ADV | _ | 28 chefs | advmod |
| 28 | chefs | chef | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 prepare | nsubj |
| 29 | with | with | ADP | _ | 32 licence | case |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 licence | det |
| 31 | special | special | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 licence | amod |
| 32 | licence | licence | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 chefs | nmod |
| 33 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 34 prepare | aux |
| 34 | prepare | prepare | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 have | parataxis |
| 35 | fugu | fugu | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 prepare | obj |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 free | punct |
| 37 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 46 free | cc |
| 38 | farm | farm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 41 pufferfish | amod |
| 39 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 38 farm | punct |
| 40 | raised | raise | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 41 pufferfish | amod |
| 41 | pufferfish | pufferfish | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 free | nsubj |
| 42 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 46 free | aux |
| 43 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 46 free | cop |
| 44 | poison | poison | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 46 free | amod |
| 45 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 44 poison | punct |
| 46 | free | free | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 prepare | conj |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 8 have | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | call | participle | Pufferfish not said here | fugu | Japan | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||
| 2 | have | present | Pufferfish | a strong poison | Pufferfish's liver and other parts | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poison=Patient | |||
| 3 | make | participle | a strong poison not said here | Pufferfish's food | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | ||||
| 4 | prepare | may | chefs with a special licence | fugu | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fugu=Patient | ||||
| 5 | raise | participle | vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | is | can | farm raised pufferfish | free property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/8/