Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour, sentence 12
Stink bugs release bad-smelling chemicals when disturbed, and smells work well as defences because predators learn quickly.
Who acts: Stink bugs, smells, predators · What happens: release, smell, disturb, work, learn · To what, where: smelling chemicals
This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stink bugs, smells, predators), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stink | stink | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 bugs | compound |
| 2 | bugs | bug | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 release | nsubj |
| 3 | release | release | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | bad | bad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 smelling | amod |
| 5 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 6 smelling | punct |
| 6 | smelling | smell | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 chemicals | amod |
| 7 | chemicals | chemical | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 release | obj |
| 8 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 9 disturbed | mark |
| 9 | disturbed | disturb | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 release | advcl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 work | punct |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 work | cc |
| 12 | smells | smell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 work | nsubj |
| 13 | work | work | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 release | conj |
| 14 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 13 work | advmod |
| 15 | as | as | ADP | _ | 16 defences | case |
| 16 | defences | defence | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 work | obl |
| 17 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 19 learn | mark |
| 18 | predators | predator | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 learn | nsubj |
| 19 | learn | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 work | advcl |
| 20 | quickly | quickly | ADV | _ | 19 learn | advmod |
| 21 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 release | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | release | present | Stink bugs | smelling chemicals | vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Causer chemical=Source | ||||
| 2 | smell | gerund | vn smell_emission-43.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 3 | disturb | participle | Stink bugs not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | work | present | smells | as defences; well property | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.attribute PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent as defence=Attribute | ||||
| 5 | learn | present | predators | quickly property | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/12/