Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour, sentence 13
The bombardier beetle mixes two chemicals in a chamber in its bottom, they react with a burst of heat, and it fires a boiling hot spray with a pop in almost any direction.
Who acts: bombardier beetle, chemicals, smell · What happens: mix, react, fire, burst · To what, where: two chemicals, chamber, boiling hot spray, direction, heat
This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bombardier beetle, chemicals, smell), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 beetle | det |
| 2 | bombardier | bombardier | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 beetle | compound |
| 3 | beetle | beetle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 mixes | nsubj |
| 4 | mixes | mix | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 6 chemicals | nummod |
| 6 | chemicals | chemical | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 mixes | obj |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 9 chamber | case |
| 8 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 9 chamber | det |
| 9 | chamber | chamber | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 mixes | obl |
| 10 | in | in | ADP | _ | 12 bottom | case |
| 11 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 bottom | nmod:poss |
| 12 | bottom | bottom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 chamber | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 react | punct |
| 14 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 react | nsubj |
| 15 | react | react | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 mixes | conj |
| 16 | with | with | ADP | _ | 18 burst | case |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 burst | det |
| 18 | burst | burst | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 react | obl |
| 19 | of | of | ADP | _ | 20 heat | case |
| 20 | heat | heat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 burst | nmod |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 fires | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 fires | cc |
| 23 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 24 fires | nsubj |
| 24 | fires | fire | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 react | conj |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 spray | det |
| 26 | boiling | boiling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 spray | compound |
| 27 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 spray | amod |
| 28 | spray | spray | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 fires | obj |
| 29 | with | with | ADP | _ | 31 pop | case |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 pop | det |
| 31 | pop | pop | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 fires | obl |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 35 direction | case |
| 33 | almost | almost | ADV | _ | 35 direction | advmod |
| 34 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 35 direction | det |
| 35 | direction | direction | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 fires | obl |
| 36 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 mixes | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mix | present | the bombardier beetle | two chemicals | a chamber in chamber's bottom | vn mix-22.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chemical=Patient | |||
| 2 | react | present | chemicals = chemical | with a burst of heat | vn respond-113 «NP V PP.predicate»: agent=Agent with burst=Eventuality | ||||
| 3 | fire | present | smell | a boiling hot spray | any direction | with a pop | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent spray=Theme in direction=Destination | ||
| 4 | burst | heat | nom burst «act transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×1, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour/13/