Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour, sentence 9
Pangolins are mammals covered in scales made of keratin, like your nails, and roll up so tight that a lion cannot bite through; they are among the most trafficked mammals because some people wrongly think the scales are medicine.
Who acts: Pangolins, lion, nails, people, scales · What happens: be, cover, make, roll up, not bite, traffic · To what, where: mammals, scales, medicine · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: skunks, porcupines, hedgehogs and armour» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Pangolins, lion, nails, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pangolins | pangolin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 mammals | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 mammals | cop |
| 3 | mammals | mammal | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 4 | covered | cover | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 mammals | acl |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 scales | case |
| 6 | scales | scale | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 covered | obl |
| 7 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 scales | acl |
| 8 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 keratin | case |
| 9 | keratin | keratin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 made | obl |
| 10 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 nails | punct |
| 11 | like | like | ADP | _ | 13 nails | case |
| 12 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 nails | nmod:poss |
| 13 | nails | nail | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 made | obl |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 roll | punct |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 roll | cc |
| 16 | roll | roll | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 mammals | conj |
| 17 | up | up | ADP | _ | 16 roll | compound:prt |
| 18 | so | so | ADV | _ | 19 tight | advmod |
| 19 | tight | tight | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 roll | parataxis |
| 20 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 25 bite | mark |
| 21 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 22 lion | det |
| 22 | lion | lion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 bite | nsubj |
| 23 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 bite | aux |
| 24 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 25 bite | advmod |
| 25 | bite | bite | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 19 tight | ccomp |
| 26 | through | through | ADP | _ | 25 bite | obl |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 34 mammals | punct |
| 28 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 34 mammals | nsubj |
| 29 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 mammals | cop |
| 30 | among | among | ADP | _ | 34 mammals | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 34 mammals | det |
| 32 | most | most | ADV | Degree=Sup | 33 trafficked | advmod |
| 33 | trafficked | traffic | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 34 mammals | amod |
| 34 | mammals | mammal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 mammals | parataxis |
| 35 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 39 think | mark |
| 36 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 37 people | det |
| 37 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 think | nsubj |
| 38 | wrongly | wrongly | ADV | _ | 39 think | advmod |
| 39 | think | think | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 34 mammals | advcl |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 scales | det |
| 41 | scales | scale | NOUN | Number=Plur | 43 medicine | nsubj |
| 42 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 43 medicine | cop |
| 43 | medicine | medicine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 think | ccomp |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 mammals | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Pangolins | mammals | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | cover | participle | mammals not said here | in scales | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in scale=Theme | ||||
| 3 | make | participle | scales not said here | of keratin; like your nails | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | ||||
| 4 | roll up | present | Pangolins not said here | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | not bite | can | a lion | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | traffic | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 7 | is | present | nails = nail | among the trafficked mammals | tree rules | ||||
| 8 | think speech: other | present | some people | wrongly property | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 9 | is a | present | the scales | medicine | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:248-defences-skunks-porcupines-hedgehogs-and-armour.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
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