Horses, zebras and donkeys, sentence 15

Donkeys' long ears hear far-away calls and help them lose heat, and donkeys are often kept as guards for sheep, because they chase off foxes and dogs.

Who acts: long ears, calls, ears · What happens: hear, help, lose, keep, chase off · To what, where: calls, heat, donkeys, foxes

This is a sentence of the lesson «Horses, zebras and donkeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (long ears, calls, ears), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Donkeys	donkey	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 ears	nmod:poss
2	'	's	PART	_	1 Donkeys	case
3	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 ears	amod
4	ears	ear	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 hear	nsubj
5	hear	hear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 away	advmod
7	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 far	punct
8	away	away	ADV	_	5 hear	advmod
9	calls	call	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 hear	obj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 help	cc
11	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 hear	conj
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 help	obj
13	lose	lose	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 help	xcomp
14	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 lose	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 kept	punct
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 kept	cc
17	donkeys	donkey	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 kept	nsubj:pass
18	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 kept	aux:pass
19	often	often	ADV	_	20 kept	advmod
20	kept	keep	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 hear	conj
21	as	as	ADP	_	22 guards	case
22	guards	guard	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 kept	obl
23	for	for	ADP	_	24 sheep	case
24	sheep	sheep	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 kept	obl
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 chase	punct
26	because	because	SCONJ	_	28 chase	mark
27	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	28 chase	nsubj
28	chase	chase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 kept	advcl
29	off	off	ADP	_	28 chase	compound:prt
30	foxes	fox	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 chase	obj
31	and	and	CCONJ	_	32 dogs	cc
32	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 foxes	conj
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 hear	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	hear	present	Donkeys's long ears	calls	away property	vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer call=Stimulus
2	help	present	Donkeys's long ears not said here	calls = call		vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary clause=Theme
3	lose	infinitive	calls = call not said here	heat		vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heat=Eventuality
4	keep	present · passive		donkeys	as guards; for sheep; often property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
5	chase off	present	ears = ear	foxes and dogs		vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fox=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:025-horses-zebras-and-donkeys.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/25-horses-zebras-and-donkeys/15/