Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, solitary bees, carpenter bees and stingless bees, sentence 15
Stingless bees live in warm countries like Brazil, Mexico and Australia; their stingers are tiny and useless, so they defend by biting and crowding intruders, and the Maya kept them for honey long before Europeans reached America.
Who acts: Stingless bees, stingers, Maya, Europeans · What happens: live, be, defend, bite, crowd, keep · To what, where: warm countries, intruders, America
This is a sentence of the lesson «Bees beyond the hive: bumblebees, solitary bees, carpenter bees and stingless bees» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Stingless bees, stingers, Maya, Europeans), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Stingless | stingless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 bees | amod |
| 2 | bees | bee | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 live | nsubj |
| 3 | live | live | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 countries | case |
| 5 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 countries | amod |
| 6 | countries | country | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 live | obl |
| 7 | like | like | ADP | _ | 8 Brazil | case |
| 8 | Brazil | Brazil | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 countries | nmod |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 Mexico | punct |
| 10 | Mexico | Mexico | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Brazil | conj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 Australia | cc |
| 12 | Australia | Australia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 Brazil | conj |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 17 tiny | punct |
| 14 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 stingers | nmod:poss |
| 15 | stingers | stinger | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 tiny | nsubj |
| 16 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 tiny | cop |
| 17 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 live | parataxis |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 useless | cc |
| 19 | useless | useless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 tiny | conj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 defend | punct |
| 21 | so | so | ADV | _ | 23 defend | advmod |
| 22 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 defend | nsubj |
| 23 | defend | defend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 live | conj |
| 24 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 25 biting | mark |
| 25 | biting | bite | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 23 defend | advcl |
| 26 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 27 crowding | cc |
| 27 | crowding | crowd | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 25 biting | conj |
| 28 | intruders | intruder | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 crowding | obj |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 kept | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 kept | cc |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 Maya | det |
| 32 | Maya | Maya | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 kept | nsubj |
| 33 | kept | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 live | conj |
| 34 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 kept | obj |
| 35 | for | for | ADP | _ | 36 honey | case |
| 36 | honey | honey | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 kept | obl |
| 37 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 36 honey | advmod |
| 38 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 40 reached | mark |
| 39 | Europeans | European | PROPN | Number=Plur | 40 reached | nsubj |
| 40 | reached | reach | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 33 kept | advcl |
| 41 | America | America | PROPN | Number=Sing | 40 reached | obj |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 live | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- pos
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | live | present | Stingless bees | warm countries like Brazil and Mexico and Australia | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in country=Location | ||||
| 2 | is | present | Brazil's stingers | tiny property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | be | Brazil's stingers not said here | tree rules | ||||||
| 4 | defend | present | stingers = stinger | vn defend-72.3 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | bite | gerund | stingers = stinger not said here | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | crowd | gerund | stingers = stinger not said here | intruders | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme intruder=Destination | ||||
| 7 | keep | past | the Maya | intruders = intruder | for honey | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | |||
| 8 | reach | past | Europeans | America | vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent america=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×3, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/305-bees-beyond-the-hive-bumblebees-solitary-bees-carpenter-bees-and-stingless-bees/15/