Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad, sentence 14

Frogs and toads spend winter in compost heaps and under logs, and some male frogs at the bottom of ponds, breathing through their skin in the cold water.

Who acts: Frogs, male frogs · What happens: spend, breathe · To what, where: compost heaps, skin

This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Frogs, male frogs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 spend	nsubj
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 toads	cc
3	toads	toad	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Frogs	conj
4	spend	spend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 spend	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 heaps	case
7	compost	compost	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 heaps	compound
8	heaps	heap	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 spend	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 logs	cc
10	under	under	ADP	_	11 logs	case
11	logs	log	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 heaps	conj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 frogs	punct
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 frogs	cc
14	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	16 frogs	det
15	male	male	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 frogs	amod
16	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 heaps	conj
17	at	at	ADP	_	19 bottom	case
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	19 bottom	det
19	bottom	bottom	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 frogs	nmod
20	of	of	ADP	_	21 ponds	case
21	ponds	pond	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 bottom	nmod
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 breathing	punct
23	breathing	breathe	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	16 frogs	acl
24	through	through	ADP	_	26 skin	case
25	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	26 skin	nmod:poss
26	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 breathing	obl
27	in	in	ADP	_	30 water	case
28	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 water	det
29	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 water	amod
30	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 breathing	obl
31	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 spend	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spend	present	Frogs and toads			compost heaps and logs and some male frogs at the bottom of ponds	winter		vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	breathe	gerund	some male frogs at the bottom of ponds not said here			toads's skin		in the cold water	vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson:14.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/14/