Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad, sentence 15
Fire-bellied toads of Europe and Asia have a green or dark back and an orange or red belly; when threatened they arch their back to show the belly, the unken reflex, warning that their skin makes bad-tasting slime.
Who acts: bellied toads, toads, skin · What happens: belly, have, threaten, arch, show, warn · To what, where: green back, back, belly, bad tasting slime · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs and toads near home: spawn, croaking choruses, toad crossings and the fire-bellied toad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bellied toads, toads, skin), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fire | Fire | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 bellied | compound |
| 2 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 1 Fire | punct |
| 3 | bellied | belly | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 4 toads | amod |
| 4 | toads | toad | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 have | nsubj |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 Europe | case |
| 6 | Europe | Europe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 toads | nmod |
| 7 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 8 Asia | cc |
| 8 | Asia | Asia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 Europe | conj |
| 9 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 14 back | det |
| 11 | green | green | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 14 back | amod |
| 12 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 13 dark | cc |
| 13 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 green | conj |
| 14 | back | back | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 have | obj |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 belly | cc |
| 16 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 belly | det |
| 17 | orange | orange | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 belly | amod |
| 18 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 19 red | cc |
| 19 | red | red | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 orange | conj |
| 20 | belly | belly | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 back | conj |
| 21 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 25 arch | punct |
| 22 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 23 threatened | advmod |
| 23 | threatened | threaten | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 25 arch | advcl |
| 24 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 arch | nsubj |
| 25 | arch | arch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 have | conj |
| 26 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 27 back | nmod:poss |
| 27 | back | back | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 arch | obj |
| 28 | to | to | PART | _ | 29 show | mark |
| 29 | show | show | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 25 arch | advcl |
| 30 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 31 belly | det |
| 31 | belly | belly | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 show | obj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 35 reflex | punct |
| 33 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 reflex | det |
| 34 | unken | unken | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 reflex | amod |
| 35 | reflex | reflex | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 belly | appos |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 37 warning | punct |
| 37 | warning | warn | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 29 show | ccomp |
| 38 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 41 makes | mark |
| 39 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 40 skin | nmod:poss |
| 40 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 makes | nsubj |
| 41 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 37 warning | ccomp |
| 42 | bad | bad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 slime | amod |
| 43 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 42 bad | punct |
| 44 | tasting | tasting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 slime | compound |
| 45 | slime | slime | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 makes | obj |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 have | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | belly | participle | tree rules | ||||||
| 2 | have | present | bellied toads of Europe and Asia | a green back and a orange belly | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient | ||||
| 3 | threaten | participle | toads = toad not said here | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 4 | arch | present | toads = toad | toads's back | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent back=Patient | ||||
| 5 | show | to-infinitive | toads = toad not said here | the belly | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent belly=Recipient clause=Topic | ||||
| 6 | warn speech: warn | gerund | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||||
| 7 | make | present | toads's skin | bad tasting slime | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset slime=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/309-frogs-and-toads-near-home-spawn-croaking-choruses-toad-crossings-and-the-fire-bellied-toad/15/