Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers, sentence 17

Bats hang by their feet with tendons that lock their toes shut, so hanging takes no effort, and they drop into the air to take off because their legs are too weak to run into flight.

Who acts: Bats, tendons, legs · What happens: hang, lock, take, drop, take off, be · To what, where: toes, effort, air, flight

This is a sentence of the lesson «Bats of the world: flying foxes, vampire bats, the bumblebee bat and tent-makers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bats, tendons, legs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 hang	nsubj
2	hang	hang	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	by	by	ADP	_	5 feet	case
4	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 feet	nmod:poss
5	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 hang	obl
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 tendons	case
7	tendons	tendon	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 hang	obl
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 lock	nsubj
9	lock	lock	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 tendons	acl:relcl
10	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	11 toes	nmod:poss
11	toes	toe	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 lock	obj
12	shut	shut	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 lock	xcomp
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 takes	punct
14	so	so	ADV	_	16 takes	advmod
15	hanging	hang	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	16 takes	nsubj
16	takes	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 hang	advcl
17	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	18 effort	det
18	effort	effort	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 takes	obj
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 drop	punct
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 drop	cc
21	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 drop	nsubj
22	drop	drop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 takes	conj
23	into	into	ADP	_	25 air	case
24	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	25 air	det
25	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 drop	obl
26	to	to	PART	_	27 take	mark
27	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	22 drop	advcl
28	off	off	ADP	_	27 take	compound:prt
29	because	because	SCONJ	_	34 weak	mark
30	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	31 legs	nmod:poss
31	legs	leg	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 weak	nsubj
32	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	34 weak	cop
33	too	too	ADV	_	34 weak	advmod
34	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	27 take	advcl
35	to	to	PART	_	36 run	mark
36	run	run	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	34 weak	advcl
37	into	into	ADP	_	38 flight	case
38	flight	flight	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 run	obl
39	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 hang	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	hang	present	Bats			by Bats's feet; with tendons	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by foot=Location
2	lock	present	tendons	Bats's toes		shut property	vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent toe=Patient
3	hang	gerund					vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	take	present		no effort			vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent effort=Theme
5	drop	present	Bats = bat		the air		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme into air=Trajectory
6	take off	to-infinitive	Bats = bat not said here				vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
7	is	present	Bats's legs			weak property	tree rules
8	run	to-infinitive	Bats's legs not said here			into flight result	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme into flight=Result

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers.lesson:17.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/314-bats-of-the-world-flying-foxes-vampire-bats-the-bumblebee-bat-and-tent-makers/17/