Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules, bat boxes and why never to pick one up, sentence 10
When a bat closes in on an insect, its clicks speed up into a buzz that can be well over a hundred clicks a second, because more clicks give more echoes and a sharper picture of where the insect is.
Who acts: bat, clicks, buzz, more clicks, insect · What happens: close, speed up, be, give, click · To what, where: buzz, hundred clicks, more echoes, sharper picture
This is a sentence of the lesson «Bats near home: pipistrelles, noctules, bat boxes and why never to pick one up» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bat, clicks, buzz, more clicks), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | When | when | SCONJ | _ | 4 closes | mark |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 bat | det |
| 3 | bat | bat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 closes | nsubj |
| 4 | closes | close | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 speed | advcl |
| 5 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 insect | case |
| 6 | on | on | ADP | _ | 8 insect | case |
| 7 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 insect | det |
| 8 | insect | insect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 closes | obl |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 speed | punct |
| 10 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 clicks | nmod:poss |
| 11 | clicks | click | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 speed | nsubj |
| 12 | speed | speed | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 13 | up | up | ADP | _ | 12 speed | compound:prt |
| 14 | into | into | ADP | _ | 16 buzz | case |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 buzz | det |
| 16 | buzz | buzz | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 speed | obl |
| 17 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 24 clicks | nsubj |
| 18 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 24 clicks | aux |
| 19 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 24 clicks | cop |
| 20 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 23 hundred | advmod |
| 21 | over | over | ADP | _ | 23 hundred | case |
| 22 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 23 hundred | det |
| 23 | hundred | hundred | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 24 clicks | nummod |
| 24 | clicks | click | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 buzz | acl:relcl |
| 25 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 second | det |
| 26 | second | second | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 clicks | obl:unmarked |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 give | punct |
| 28 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 31 give | mark |
| 29 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 30 clicks | amod |
| 30 | clicks | click | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 give | nsubj |
| 31 | give | give | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 speed | advcl |
| 32 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 33 echoes | amod |
| 33 | echoes | echo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 give | obj |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 37 picture | cc |
| 35 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 37 picture | det |
| 36 | sharper | sharper | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 37 picture | amod |
| 37 | picture | picture | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 echoes | conj |
| 38 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 where | case |
| 39 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 37 picture | acl |
| 40 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 41 insect | det |
| 41 | insect | insect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 39 where | nsubj |
| 42 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 39 where | cop |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 speed | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | close | present | a bat | in a insect | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent in insect=Topic | ||||
| 2 | speed up | present | bat's clicks | a buzz | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into buzz=Destination | ||||
| 3 | is a | can | a buzz | hundred clicks | second | tree rules | |||
| 4 | give | present | more clicks | more echoes and a sharper picture | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent echo=Theme | ||||
| 5 | is | present | the insect | a sharper picture not said here | where property | tree rules | |||
| 6 | click | bat | nom click «event transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/315-bats-near-home-pipistrelles-noctules-bat-boxes-and-why-never-to-pick-one-up/10/