Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, sentence 15

The wood frog lets about two thirds of the water in its body freeze; its heart stops, and sugar works as antifreeze inside its cells until it thaws in spring; doctors study it to learn how to keep organs for transplant, body parts given to sick people, cold for longer.

Who acts: wood frog, two thirds, heart, sugar, doctors · What happens: let, freeze, stop, work, thaw, study · To what, where: two thirds, cells, sugar, organs, body parts, sick people · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wood frog, two thirds, heart, sugar), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 frog	det
2	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 frog	compound
3	frog	frog	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 lets	nsubj
4	lets	let	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	about	about	ADV	_	6 two	advmod
6	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	7 thirds	nummod
7	thirds	third	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 lets	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 water	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 water	det
10	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 thirds	nmod
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 body	case
12	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	13 body	nmod:poss
13	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 water	nmod
14	freeze	freeze	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 lets	xcomp
15	;	;	PUNCT	_	18 stops	punct
16	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	17 heart	nmod:poss
17	heart	heart	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 stops	nsubj
18	stops	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 lets	parataxis
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 works	punct
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 works	cc
21	sugar	sugar	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 works	nsubj
22	works	work	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 stops	ccomp
23	as	as	ADP	_	24 antifreeze	case
24	antifreeze	antifreeze	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 works	obl
25	inside	inside	ADP	_	27 cells	case
26	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	27 cells	nmod:poss
27	cells	cell	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 works	obl
28	until	until	SCONJ	_	30 thaws	mark
29	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	30 thaws	nsubj
30	thaws	thaw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 works	advcl
31	in	in	ADP	_	32 spring	case
32	spring	spring	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 thaws	obl
33	;	;	PUNCT	_	35 study	punct
34	doctors	doctor	NOUN	Number=Plur	35 study	nsubj
35	study	study	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 lets	parataxis
36	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	35 study	obj
37	to	to	PART	_	38 learn	mark
38	learn	learn	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	35 study	advcl
39	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	41 keep	advmod
40	to	to	PART	_	41 keep	mark
41	keep	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	38 learn	ccomp
42	organs	organ	NOUN	Number=Plur	41 keep	obj
43	for	for	ADP	_	44 transplant	case
44	transplant	transplant	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 keep	obl
45	,	,	PUNCT	_	47 parts	punct
46	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	47 parts	compound
47	parts	part	NOUN	Number=Plur	41 keep	obl
48	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	47 parts	acl
49	to	to	ADP	_	51 people	case
50	sick	sick	ADJ	Degree=Pos	51 people	amod
51	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	48 given	obl
52	,	,	PUNCT	_	53 cold	punct
53	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	41 keep	xcomp
54	for	for	ADP	_	55 longer	case
55	longer	long	ADV	Degree=Cmp	53 cold	obl
56	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 lets	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	let	present	the wood frog	two thirds of the water in water's body					tree rules
2	freeze	infinitive	two thirds of the water in water's body not said here						vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	stop	present	water's heart						vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
4	work	present	sugar			water's cells		as antifreeze	vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.attribute PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent as antifreeze=Attribute
5	thaw	present	sugar				spring		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
6	study	present	doctors	sugar					vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic
7	learn	to-infinitive	doctors not said here						vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
8	keep	to-infinitive		organs				for transplant; body parts obl; cold property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent organ=Theme
9	give	participle		body parts not said here	sick people				vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to people=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:032-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/15/