Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders, sentence 2

Amphibian skin is thin and wet; frogs breathe partly through it and even drink through it, so they must stay damp and are hurt fast by dirty water.

Who acts: Amphibian skin, frogs, dirty water · What happens: be, breathe, drink, stay, hurt · To what, where: skin

This is a sentence of the lesson «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Amphibian skin, frogs, dirty water), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Amphibian	amphibian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 skin	amod
2	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 thin	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 thin	cop
4	thin	thin	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 wet	cc
6	wet	wet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 thin	conj
7	;	;	PUNCT	_	9 breathe	punct
8	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 breathe	nsubj
9	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 thin	parataxis
10	partly	partly	ADV	_	9 breathe	advmod
11	through	through	ADP	_	12 it	case
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 breathe	obl
13	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 drink	cc
14	even	even	ADV	_	15 drink	advmod
15	drink	drink	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 breathe	conj
16	through	through	ADP	_	17 it	case
17	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	15 drink	obl
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 stay	punct
19	so	so	ADV	_	22 stay	advmod
20	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 stay	nsubj
21	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	22 stay	aux
22	stay	stay	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 thin	conj
23	damp	damp	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 stay	xcomp
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 hurt	cc
25	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	26 hurt	aux:pass
26	hurt	hurt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	22 stay	conj
27	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	26 hurt	advmod
28	by	by	ADP	_	30 water	case
29	dirty	dirty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	30 water	amod
30	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 hurt	obl
31	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 thin	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	where	other	roles by
1	is	present	Amphibian skin		thin property	tree rules
2	be		Amphibian skin not said here			tree rules
3	breathe	present	frogs	skin	partly property	vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	drink	present	frogs not said here	skin		vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
5	stay	must	Frogs = frog		damp property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
6	hurt	present · passive	dirty water		fast property	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:032-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/2/