Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight, sentence 13

Geese fly in a V because each bird rides the rising air from the wingtip of the bird in front, saving energy; they take turns at the front.

Who acts: Geese, bird, Birds · What happens: fly, ride, rise, save, take · To what, where: V, rising air, wingtip, energy, turns, front

This is a sentence of the lesson «Birds: feathers, wings, eggs and flight» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Geese, bird, Birds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Geese	geese	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 fly	nsubj
2	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 V	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 V	det
5	V	v	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 fly	obl
6	because	because	SCONJ	_	9 rides	mark
7	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	8 bird	det
8	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 rides	nsubj
9	rides	ride	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 fly	advcl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 air	det
11	rising	rise	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 air	amod
12	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 rides	obj
13	from	from	ADP	_	15 wingtip	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 wingtip	det
15	wingtip	wingtip	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 air	nmod
16	of	of	ADP	_	18 bird	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 bird	det
18	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 wingtip	nmod
19	in	in	ADP	_	20 front	case
20	front	front	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 bird	nmod
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 energy	punct
22	saving	save	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 rides	advcl
23	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 saving	obj
24	;	;	PUNCT	_	26 take	punct
25	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	26 take	nsubj
26	take	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 fly	parataxis
27	turns	turn	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 take	obj
28	at	at	ADP	_	30 front	case
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 front	det
30	front	front	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 take	obl
31	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 fly	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	fly	present	Geese		a V	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in v=Location
2	ride	present	each bird	the rising air	the wingtip of the bird in front	vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent air=Theme from wingtip=Trajectory
3	rise	gerund				vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	save	gerund	each bird not said here	energy		vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent energy=Theme
5	take	present	Birds = bird	turns	the front	vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent turn=Theme at front=Asset

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:033-birds-feathers-wings-eggs-and-flight.lesson:13.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/33-birds-feathers-wings-eggs-and-flight/13/