Bones by name: shoulders, arms and hands, sentence 11

A newborn's wrist bones are mostly soft cartilage that hardens one by one through childhood, so a doctor can estimate a child's bone age from a wrist X-ray; an adult's shows all eight.

Who acts: wrist bones, soft cartilage, doctor, adult · What happens: be, harden, estimate, show · To what, where: soft cartilage, one, bone age, wrist X ray, eight

This is a sentence of the lesson «Bones by name: shoulders, arms and hands» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wrist bones, soft cartilage, doctor, adult), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 newborn	det
2	newborn	newborn	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bones	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 newborn	case
4	wrist	wrist	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bones	compound
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 cartilage	nsubj
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 cartilage	cop
7	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	9 cartilage	advmod
8	soft	soft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 cartilage	amod
9	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 hardens	nsubj
11	hardens	harden	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 cartilage	acl:relcl
12	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 hardens	obj
13	by	by	ADP	_	16 childhood	case
14	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	16 childhood	nummod
15	through	through	ADP	_	16 childhood	case
16	childhood	childhood	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 hardens	obl
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 estimate	punct
18	so	so	ADV	_	22 estimate	advmod
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 doctor	det
20	doctor	doctor	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 estimate	nsubj
21	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	22 estimate	aux
22	estimate	estimate	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 hardens	conj
23	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	24 child	det
24	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 age	nmod:poss
25	's	's	PART	_	24 child	case
26	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 age	compound
27	age	age	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 estimate	obj
28	from	from	ADP	_	33 ray	case
29	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	33 ray	det
30	wrist	wrist	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 ray	compound
31	X	x	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 ray	compound
32	-	-	PUNCT	_	31 X	punct
33	ray	ray	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 estimate	obl
34	;	;	PUNCT	_	38 shows	punct
35	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	36 adult	det
36	adult	adult	NOUN	Number=Sing	38 shows	nsubj
37	's	's	PART	_	36 adult	case
38	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 hardens	conj
39	all	all	ADV	_	40 eight	advmod
40	eight	eight	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	38 shows	obj
41	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 cartilage	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a newborn's wrist bones	soft cartilage		mostly property	tree rules
2	harden	present	soft cartilage	one		by one childhood	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent one=Patient
3	estimate	can	a doctor	a child's bone age	a wrist X ray		vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent age=Value
4	show	present	a adult	eight			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent eight=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:358-bones-by-name-shoulders-arms-and-hands.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/358-bones-by-name-shoulders-arms-and-hands/11/