Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede, sentence 4
A horned dung beetle was measured pulling about 1,141 times its own weight; males push and pull each other in narrow tunnels, and for a person it would be like pulling about six full double-decker buses.
Who acts: males, weight · What happens: measure, pull about, push, pull, be · To what, where: horned dung beetle, own weight, each, narrow tunnels, person
This is a sentence of the lesson «Tiny champions: the strongest beetle, the highest-jumping flea and the leggiest millipede» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (males, weight), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 beetle | det |
| 2 | horned | horned | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 beetle | amod |
| 3 | dung | dung | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 beetle | compound |
| 4 | beetle | beetle | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 measured | nsubj |
| 5 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 measured | aux:pass |
| 6 | measured | measure | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 7 | pulling | pull | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 measured | advcl |
| 8 | about | about | ADV | _ | 9 1,141 | advmod |
| 9 | 1,141 | 1,141 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 10 times | nummod |
| 10 | times | time | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 pulling | obl |
| 11 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 13 weight | nmod:poss |
| 12 | own | own | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 13 weight | amod |
| 13 | weight | weight | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 pulling | obj |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 push | punct |
| 15 | males | male | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 push | nsubj |
| 16 | push | push | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 measured | parataxis |
| 17 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 18 pull | cc |
| 18 | pull | pull | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 push | conj |
| 19 | each | each | DET | ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp | 18 pull | obj |
| 20 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 each | fixed |
| 21 | in | in | ADP | _ | 23 tunnels | case |
| 22 | narrow | narrow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 tunnels | amod |
| 23 | tunnels | tunnel | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 pull | obl |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 person | punct |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 28 person | cc |
| 26 | for | for | ADP | _ | 28 person | case |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 person | det |
| 28 | person | person | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 push | conj |
| 29 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 pulling | nsubj |
| 30 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 33 pulling | aux |
| 31 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 33 pulling | cop |
| 32 | like | like | SCONJ | _ | 33 pulling | mark |
| 33 | pulling | pull | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 28 person | acl |
| 34 | about | about | ADV | _ | 35 six | advmod |
| 35 | six | six | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 40 buses | nummod |
| 36 | full | full | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 buses | amod |
| 37 | double | double | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 decker | amod |
| 38 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 37 double | punct |
| 39 | decker | decker | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 buses | compound |
| 40 | buses | bus | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 pulling | obj |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 measured | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | measure | past · passive | a horned dung beetle | vn register-54.1-2-1 «NP V NP.value»: subject=Value | |||||
| 2 | pull about | gerund | ant's own weight | time | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent weight=Theme | ||||
| 3 | push | present | males | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | pull | present | males not said here | each | narrow tunnels | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent each=Theme | |||
| 5 | is | would | weight | a person not said here | pull property | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/365-tiny-champions-the-strongest-beetle-the-highest-jumping-flea-and-the-leggiest-millipede/4/