Insects: butterflies, beetles, flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers, sentence 9

Beetles have two hard front wings called elytra that cover the flying wings; about 400,000 kinds have been named, about one in four known kinds of animal.

Who acts: Beetles, two hard front wings · What happens: have, call, cover, fly, name, know · To what, where: two hard front wings, elytra, flying wings, 400,000 kinds · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Insects: butterflies, beetles, flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Beetles, two hard front wings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Beetles	beetle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 wings	nummod
4	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 wings	amod
5	front	front	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 wings	amod
6	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
7	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 wings	acl
8	elytra	elytra	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 called	xcomp
9	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 cover	nsubj
10	cover	cover	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 wings	acl:relcl
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 wings	det
12	flying	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	13 wings	amod
13	wings	wing	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 cover	obj
14	;	;	PUNCT	_	20 named	punct
15	about	about	ADV	_	16 400,000	advmod
16	400,000	400,000	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	17 kinds	nummod
17	kinds	kind	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 named	nsubj:pass
18	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 named	aux
19	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	20 named	aux:pass
20	named	name	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 have	parataxis
21	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 one	punct
22	about	about	ADV	_	23 one	advmod
23	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	17 kinds	appos
24	in	in	ADP	_	27 kinds	case
25	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	27 kinds	nummod
26	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	27 kinds	amod
27	kinds	kind	NOUN	Number=Plur	23 one	nmod
28	of	of	ADP	_	29 animal	case
29	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 kinds	nmod
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	have	present	Beetles	two hard front wings	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wing=Patient
2	call	participle	two hard front wings not said here	elytra	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	cover	present	two hard front wings	the flying wings	vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme wing=Destination
4	fly	gerund			vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5	name	present · perfect · passive		400,000 kinds	vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
6	know	participle			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:037-butterflies-beetles-flies-mosquitoes-grasshoppers.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/37-butterflies-beetles-flies-mosquitoes-grasshoppers/9/