Food chains: sun, plants, plant-eaters, meat-eaters, sentence 3
At each step most of the energy is used up for moving, breathing and keeping warm, so there are always far more zebras than lions, and a cartoon savanna with as many lions as zebras could never last a single season.
Who acts: more zebras, cartoon savanna · What happens: use up, move, breathe, keep, be, not last · To what, where: most
This is a sentence of the lesson «Food chains: sun, plants, plant-eaters, meat-eaters» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (more zebras, cartoon savanna), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | At | at | ADP | _ | 3 step | case |
| 2 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 3 step | det |
| 3 | step | step | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 used | obl |
| 4 | most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 9 used | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 7 energy | case |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 energy | det |
| 7 | energy | energy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 most | nmod |
| 8 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 used | aux:pass |
| 9 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 10 | up | up | ADP | _ | 9 used | compound:prt |
| 11 | for | for | SCONJ | _ | 12 moving | mark |
| 12 | moving | move | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 9 used | advcl |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 breathing | punct |
| 14 | breathing | breathe | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 12 moving | conj |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 16 keeping | cc |
| 16 | keeping | keep | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 14 breathing | conj |
| 17 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 keeping | xcomp |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 are | punct |
| 19 | so | so | ADV | _ | 21 are | advmod |
| 20 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 21 are | expl |
| 21 | are | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 used | parataxis |
| 22 | always | always | ADV | PronType=Tot | 21 are | advmod |
| 23 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 24 more | advmod |
| 24 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 25 zebras | amod |
| 25 | zebras | zebra | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 are | nsubj |
| 26 | than | than | ADP | _ | 27 lions | case |
| 27 | lions | lion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 are | obl |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 41 last | punct |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 41 last | cc |
| 30 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 32 savanna | det |
| 31 | cartoon | cartoon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 savanna | compound |
| 32 | savanna | savanna | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 last | nsubj |
| 33 | with | with | ADP | _ | 36 lions | case |
| 34 | as | as | ADV | _ | 35 many | advmod |
| 35 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 36 lions | amod |
| 36 | lions | lion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 savanna | nmod |
| 37 | as | as | ADP | _ | 38 zebras | case |
| 38 | zebras | zebra | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 lions | nmod |
| 39 | could | could | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 41 last | aux |
| 40 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 41 last | advmod |
| 41 | last | last | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 9 used | conj |
| 42 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 44 season | det |
| 43 | single | single | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 season | amod |
| 44 | season | season | NOUN | Number=Sing | 41 last | obj |
| 45 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 used | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | use up | present · passive | most of the energy | at each step | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | ||||
| 2 | move | gerund | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 3 | breathe | gerund | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | keep | gerund | warm property | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | does | present | more zebras | there | than lions; always property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 6 | not last | could | a cartoon savanna with many lions as zebras | season | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:046-food-chains.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/46-food-chains/3/