How animals talk, sentence 10

Elephants make deep rumbles, many too low for us to hear, called infrasound, which carry several kilometres and may be felt through their feet and trunk; an elephant may stand still with its ears spread out to listen for them.

Who acts: Elephants, us, deep rumbles, infrasound, elephant · What happens: make, hear, call, carry, feel, stand · To what, where: deep rumbles, infrasound, several kilometres, feet, ears · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Elephants, us, deep rumbles, infrasound), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Elephants	elephant	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 make	nsubj
2	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	deep	deep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 rumbles	amod
4	rumbles	rumble	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 make	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 low	punct
6	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 low	nsubj
7	too	too	ADV	_	8 low	advmod
8	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 rumbles	amod
9	for	for	SCONJ	_	12 hear	mark
10	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	12 hear	nsubj
11	to	to	PART	_	12 hear	mark
12	hear	hear	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 low	advcl
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 called	punct
14	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 rumbles	acl
15	infrasound	infrasound	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 called	xcomp
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 carry	punct
17	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 carry	nsubj
18	carry	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	15 infrasound	acl:relcl
19	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 kilometres	amod
20	kilometres	kilometre	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 carry	obj
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	24 felt	cc
22	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	24 felt	aux
23	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	24 felt	aux:pass
24	felt	feel	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	18 carry	conj
25	through	through	ADP	_	27 feet	case
26	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	27 feet	nmod:poss
27	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 felt	obl
28	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 trunk	cc
29	trunk	trunk	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 feet	conj
30	;	;	PUNCT	_	34 stand	punct
31	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	32 elephant	det
32	elephant	elephant	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 stand	nsubj
33	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	34 stand	aux
34	stand	stand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 make	parataxis
35	still	still	ADV	_	34 stand	advmod
36	with	with	ADP	_	38 ears	case
37	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	38 ears	nmod:poss
38	ears	ear	NOUN	Number=Plur	34 stand	obl
39	spread	spread	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	38 ears	acl
40	out	out	ADV	_	39 spread	advmod
41	to	to	PART	_	42 listen	mark
42	listen	listen	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	39 spread	advcl
43	for	for	ADP	_	44 them	case
44	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	42 listen	obl
45	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 make	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Elephants	deep rumbles				vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rumble=Product
2	hear	to-infinitive	us					vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer
3	call	participle	deep rumbles not said here	infrasound				vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	carry	present	infrasound	several kilometres				vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kilometre=Theme
5	feel	may · passive	infrasound not said here		Elephants's feet and trunk			vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: through foot=Location
6	stand	may	a elephant			still	with trunk's ears	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
7	spread out	participle		trunk's ears not said here			out property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
8	listen	to-infinitive					for Elephants = elephant	vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for they=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/10/