How animals talk, sentence 9

Male humpback whales sing long songs of repeated themes for hours; males in one region sing nearly the same song, and new songs can spread across the Pacific over a few years.

Who acts: Male humpback whales, males, new songs, repeated themes · What happens: sing, repeat, spread · To what, where: long songs, same song, Pacific

This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals talk» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Male humpback whales, males, new songs, repeated themes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Male	male	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 whales	amod
2	humpback	humpback	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 whales	compound
3	whales	whale	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sing	nsubj
4	sing	sing	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 songs	amod
6	songs	song	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sing	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 themes	case
8	repeated	repeat	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 themes	amod
9	themes	theme	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 songs	nmod
10	for	for	ADP	_	11 hours	case
11	hours	hour	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 sing	obl
12	;	;	PUNCT	_	13 males	punct
13	males	male	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 sing	nsubj
14	in	in	ADP	_	16 region	case
15	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	16 region	nummod
16	region	region	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 males	nmod
17	sing	sing	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 sing	conj
18	nearly	nearly	ADV	_	21 song	advmod
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 song	det
20	same	same	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 song	amod
21	song	song	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 sing	obj
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 spread	punct
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 spread	cc
24	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 songs	amod
25	songs	song	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 spread	nsubj
26	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	27 spread	aux
27	spread	spread	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 sing	conj
28	across	across	ADP	_	30 Pacific	case
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 Pacific	det
30	Pacific	Pacific	PROPN	Number=Sing	27 spread	obl
31	over	over	ADP	_	34 years	case
32	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	34 years	det
33	few	few	ADJ	Degree=Pos	34 years	amod
34	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 spread	obl
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 sing	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	sing speech: express	present	Male humpback whales	long songs of repeated themes		hour	vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme
2	repeat	participle					vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
3	sing speech: express	present	males in one region	the same song			vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location song=Theme
4	spread	can	new songs		the Pacific	year	vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across pacific=Destination
5	sing		repeated themes				nom song «communication intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:050-how-animals-talk.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/50-how-animals-talk/9/