How animals hunt, sentence 3
Most hunts fail, even for lions, so hunters must be clever with their energy: a cheetah can only sprint for a few seconds, and a python can wait for days because it needs to eat only every few weeks.
Who acts: Most hunts, hunters, cheetah, python · What happens: fail, be, sprint, wait, need, eat
This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals hunt» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Most hunts, hunters, cheetah, python), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Most | most | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 2 hunts | amod |
| 2 | hunts | hunt | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 fail | nsubj |
| 3 | fail | fail | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 lions | punct |
| 5 | even | even | ADV | _ | 7 lions | advmod |
| 6 | for | for | ADP | _ | 7 lions | case |
| 7 | lions | lion | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 fail | obl |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 clever | punct |
| 9 | so | so | ADV | _ | 13 clever | advmod |
| 10 | hunters | hunter | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 clever | nsubj |
| 11 | must | must | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 13 clever | aux |
| 12 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 13 clever | cop |
| 13 | clever | clever | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 fail | parataxis |
| 14 | with | with | ADP | _ | 16 energy | case |
| 15 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 energy | nmod:poss |
| 16 | energy | energy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 clever | obl |
| 17 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 22 sprint | punct |
| 18 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 19 cheetah | det |
| 19 | cheetah | cheetah | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 sprint | nsubj |
| 20 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 22 sprint | aux |
| 21 | only | only | ADV | _ | 22 sprint | advmod |
| 22 | sprint | sprint | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 fail | parataxis |
| 23 | for | for | ADP | _ | 26 seconds | case |
| 24 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 26 seconds | det |
| 25 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 seconds | amod |
| 26 | seconds | second | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 sprint | obl |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 wait | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 wait | cc |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 python | det |
| 30 | python | python | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 wait | nsubj |
| 31 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 32 wait | aux |
| 32 | wait | wait | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 sprint | conj |
| 33 | for | for | ADP | _ | 34 days | case |
| 34 | days | day | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 wait | obl |
| 35 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 37 needs | mark |
| 36 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 37 needs | nsubj |
| 37 | needs | need | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 32 wait | advcl |
| 38 | to | to | PART | _ | 39 eat | mark |
| 39 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 37 needs | xcomp |
| 40 | only | only | ADV | _ | 43 weeks | advmod |
| 41 | every | every | DET | PronType=Tot | 43 weeks | det |
| 42 | few | few | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 43 weeks | amod |
| 43 | weeks | week | NOUN | Number=Plur | 39 eat | obl:unmarked |
| 44 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 fail | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fail | present | Most hunts | for lions | vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | is | must | hunters | with hunts's energy; clever property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | sprint | can | a cheetah | second | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | wait | can | a python | day | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | need | present | cheetah | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | |||||
| 6 | eat not said to happen | to-infinitive | cheetah not said here | week | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:052-how-animals-hunt.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/52-how-animals-hunt/3/