How animals defend themselves, sentence 10

Many lizards can drop their tail on purpose; it wriggles to distract the attacker, and the new tail grows back with cartilage instead of bones; growing a new one costs the lizard a lot of energy.

Who acts: Many lizards, tail, new tail, growing · What happens: drop, wriggle, distract, grow back, grow, cost · To what, where: tail, purpose, attacker, new one, lot, lizard

This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals defend themselves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many lizards, tail, new tail, growing), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 lizards	amod
2	lizards	lizard	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 drop	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 drop	aux
4	drop	drop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 tail	nmod:poss
6	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 drop	obj
7	on	on	ADP	_	8 purpose	case
8	purpose	purpose	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 drop	obl
9	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 wriggles	punct
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 wriggles	nsubj
11	wriggles	wriggle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 drop	parataxis
12	to	to	PART	_	13 distract	mark
13	distract	distract	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 wriggles	advcl
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 attacker	det
15	attacker	attacker	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 distract	obj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 grows	punct
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	21 grows	cc
18	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	20 tail	det
19	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 tail	amod
20	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 grows	nsubj
21	grows	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 drop	conj
22	back	back	ADV	_	21 grows	advmod
23	with	with	ADP	_	24 cartilage	case
24	cartilage	cartilage	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 grows	obl
25	instead	instead	ADV	ExtPos=ADP	27 bones	case
26	of	of	ADP	_	25 instead	fixed
27	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	21 grows	obl
28	;	;	PUNCT	_	33 costs	punct
29	growing	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	33 costs	csubj
30	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	32 one	det
31	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 one	amod
32	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 growing	obj
33	costs	cost	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 drop	parataxis
34	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 lizard	det
35	lizard	lizard	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 costs	iobj
36	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	37 lot	det
37	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 costs	obj
38	of	of	ADP	_	39 energy	case
39	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 lot	nmod
40	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 drop	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	other	roles by
1	drop	can	Many lizards	lizards's tail		purpose		vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent tail=Theme on purpose=Destination
2	wriggle	present	tail					vn body_internal_motion-49.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	distract	to-infinitive	tail not said here	the attacker				vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus attacker=Experiencer
4	grow back	present	the new tail				with cartilage; instead bones	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
5	grow	gerund		a new one				vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location one=Theme
6	cost	present	growing	a lot of energy	the lizard			vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Theme lizard=Beneficiary lot=Value

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:053-how-animals-defend-themselves.lesson:10.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/10/