How animals defend themselves, sentence 7

A skunk can spray a very smelly liquid up to about 3 metres, but it usually warns first by stamping, hissing and raising its tail.

Who acts: skunk · What happens: spray, warn, stamp, hiss, raise · To what, where: smelly liquid, tail

This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals defend themselves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (skunk), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 skunk	det
2	skunk	skunk	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 spray	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 spray	aux
4	spray	spray	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 liquid	det
6	very	very	ADV	_	7 smelly	advmod
7	smelly	smelly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 liquid	amod
8	liquid	liquid	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 spray	obj
9	up	up	ADP	_	13 metres	case
10	to	to	ADP	_	9 up	fixed
11	about	about	ADV	_	12 3	advmod
12	3	3	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	13 metres	nummod
13	metres	metre	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 liquid	obl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 spray	punct
15	but	but	CCONJ	_	18 warns	cc
16	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 warns	nsubj
17	usually	usually	ADV	_	18 warns	advmod
18	warns	warn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 spray	conj
19	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	18 warns	advmod
20	by	by	SCONJ	_	21 stamping	mark
21	stamping	stamp	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	18 warns	advcl
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 hissing	punct
23	hissing	hiss	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	21 stamping	conj
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 raising	cc
25	raising	raise	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	21 stamping	conj
26	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	27 tail	nmod:poss
27	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 raising	obj
28	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 spray	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	spray	can	a skunk	a smelly liquid		vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent liquid=Theme
2	warn speech: warn	present	skunk		first, usually property	vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent
3	stamp	gerund	skunk not said here			vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	hiss	gerund	skunk not said here			vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
5	raise	gerund	skunk not said here	skunk's tail		vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tail=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:053-how-animals-defend-themselves.lesson:7.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R1-cc-next ×2, R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/7/