How animals defend themselves, sentence 8

Wild poison dart frogs have poison in their skin, made from the ants and mites they eat, and their bright colours warn predators, which learn the colours and leave them alone; zoo-raised ones fed on crickets are not poisonous.

Who acts: Wild dart frogs, frog, bright colours, predators, raised ones · What happens: have, make, eat, warn, learn, leave · To what, where: poison, skin, ants, predators, colours, raised ones

This is a sentence of the lesson «How animals defend themselves» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Wild dart frogs, frog, bright colours, predators), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 frogs	amod
2	poison	poison	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 dart	compound
3	dart	dart	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 frogs	compound
4	frogs	frog	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 have	nsubj
5	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	poison	poison	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 have	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 skin	case
8	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 skin	nmod:poss
9	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 have	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 made	punct
11	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 have	advcl
12	from	from	ADP	_	14 ants	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 ants	det
14	ants	ant	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 made	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 mites	cc
16	mites	mite	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 ants	conj
17	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 eat	nsubj
18	eat	eat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 ants	acl:relcl
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 warn	punct
20	and	and	CCONJ	_	24 warn	cc
21	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	23 colours	nmod:poss
22	bright	bright	ADJ	Degree=Pos	23 colours	amod
23	colours	colour	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 warn	nsubj
24	warn	warn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 have	conj
25	predators	predator	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 warn	obj
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 learn	punct
27	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	28 learn	nsubj
28	learn	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 predators	acl:relcl
29	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	30 colours	det
30	colours	colour	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 learn	obj
31	and	and	CCONJ	_	32 leave	cc
32	leave	leave	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	28 learn	conj
33	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	32 leave	obj
34	alone	alone	ADV	_	32 leave	advmod
35	;	;	PUNCT	_	39 ones	punct
36	zoo	zoo	NOUN	Number=Sing	38 raised	compound
37	-	-	PUNCT	_	36 zoo	punct
38	raised	raise	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	39 ones	amod
39	ones	one	NOUN	Number=Plur	45 poisonous	nsubj
40	fed	feed	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	39 ones	acl
41	on	on	ADP	_	42 crickets	case
42	crickets	cricket	NOUN	Number=Plur	40 fed	obl
43	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	45 poisonous	cop
44	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	45 poisonous	advmod
45	poisonous	poisonous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 have	parataxis
46	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 have	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	have	present	Wild dart frogs	poison	frog's skin		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poison=Patient
2	make	participle	Wild dart frogs not said here		the ants and mites		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from ant=Material
3	eat	present	frog	the ants and mites not said here			vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ant=Patient
4	warn speech: warn	present	frog's bright colours	predators			vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent predator=Recipient
5	learn	present	predators	the colours			vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent colour=Topic
6	leave	present	predators not said here	colours = colour		alone property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
7	raise	participle					vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
8	feed	participle		raised ones not said here		on crickets	vn gorge-39.6 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent on cricket=Patient
9	not is	present	raised ones			poisonous property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:053-how-animals-defend-themselves.lesson:8.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/53-how-animals-defend-themselves/8/