Migration: the great journeys, sentence 15

Young cuckoos are raised by other birds and fly to Africa alone, so the route must be inborn; trackers showed cuckoos crossing the Sahara in one flight lasting days.

Who acts: other birds, route, trackers, cuckoos, one flight · What happens: raise, fly, be, show, cross, last · To what, where: Young cuckoos, Africa, cuckoos, Sahara

This is a sentence of the lesson «Migration: the great journeys» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (other birds, route, trackers, cuckoos), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 cuckoos	amod
2	cuckoos	cuckoo	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 raised	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 raised	aux:pass
4	raised	raise	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 birds	case
6	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 birds	amod
7	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 raised	obl:agent
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 fly	cc
9	fly	fly	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 raised	conj
10	to	to	ADP	_	11 Africa	case
11	Africa	Africa	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 fly	obl
12	alone	alone	ADV	_	9 fly	advmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 inborn	punct
14	so	so	ADV	_	19 inborn	advmod
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 route	det
16	route	route	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 inborn	nsubj
17	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	19 inborn	aux
18	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	19 inborn	cop
19	inborn	inborn	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 raised	parataxis
20	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 showed	punct
21	trackers	tracker	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 showed	nsubj
22	showed	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 raised	parataxis
23	cuckoos	cuckoo	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 showed	obj
24	crossing	cross	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	23 cuckoos	acl
25	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	26 Sahara	det
26	Sahara	Sahara	PROPN	Number=Sing	24 crossing	obj
27	in	in	ADP	_	29 flight	case
28	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	29 flight	nummod
29	flight	flight	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 crossing	obl
30	lasting	last	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	29 flight	acl
31	days	day	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 lasting	obl:unmarked
32	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 raised	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	when	other	roles by
1	raise	present · passive	other birds	Young cuckoos				vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
2	fly	present	other birds not said here		Africa		alone property	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to africa=Result
3	is	must	the route				inborn property	tree rules
4	show	past	trackers	cuckoos				vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent cuckoo=Recipient
5	cross	gerund	cuckoos not said here	the Sahara			in one flight	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent sahara=Patient in flight=Topic
6	last	gerund	one flight not said here			day		vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:054-migration-the-great-journeys.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/54-migration-the-great-journeys/15/