Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 11

Antibiotics kill bacteria or stop them growing but do nothing to viruses, so they do not help colds or flu, and using them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant; stopping a course of antibiotics early can leave the toughest bacteria alive to grow back.

Who acts: Antibiotics, viruses, using, bacteria · What happens: kill, stop, grow, do, not help, use · To what, where: bacteria, nothing, colds, viruses, course, toughest bacteria

This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Antibiotics, viruses, using, bacteria), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 kill	nsubj
2	kill	kill	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 kill	obj
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 stop	cc
5	stop	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 kill	conj
6	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 stop	obj
7	growing	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 stop	xcomp
8	but	but	CCONJ	_	9 do	cc
9	do	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 kill	conj
10	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	9 do	obj
11	to	to	ADP	_	12 viruses	case
12	viruses	virus	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 nothing	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 help	punct
14	so	so	ADV	_	18 help	advmod
15	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 help	nsubj
16	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 help	aux
17	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	18 help	advmod
18	help	help	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 kill	conj
19	colds	cold	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 help	obj
20	or	or	CCONJ	_	21 flu	cc
21	flu	flu	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 colds	conj
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 helps	punct
23	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 helps	cc
24	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	29 helps	csubj
25	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	24 using	obj
26	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	28 needed	advmod
27	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	28 needed	advmod
28	needed	need	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	24 using	advcl
29	helps	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 kill	conj
30	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 helps	obj
31	become	become	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	29 helps	xcomp
32	resistant	resistant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 become	xcomp
33	;	;	PUNCT	_	41 leave	punct
34	stopping	stop	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	41 leave	nsubj
35	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	36 course	det
36	course	course	NOUN	Number=Sing	34 stopping	obj
37	of	of	ADP	_	38 antibiotics	case
38	antibiotics	antibiotic	NOUN	Number=Plur	36 course	nmod
39	early	early	ADV	Degree=Pos	34 stopping	advmod
40	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	41 leave	aux
41	leave	leave	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 kill	conj
42	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	44 bacteria	det
43	toughest	tough	ADJ	Degree=Sup	44 bacteria	amod
44	bacteria	bacteria	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 leave	obj
45	alive	alive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	41 leave	xcomp
46	to	to	PART	_	47 grow	mark
47	grow	grow	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	45 alive	advcl
48	back	back	ADV	_	47 grow	advmod
49	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 kill	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	kill	present	Antibiotics	bacteria		vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme
2	stop	present	Antibiotics not said here	bacteria = bacterium		tree rules
3	grow	gerund	Antibiotics not said here			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	do	present	Antibiotics not said here	nothing	to viruses	vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Eventuality
5	not help	present · do-support	viruses = virus	colds or flu		vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cold=Beneficiary
6	use	gerund		viruses = virus		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient
7	not need	participle				vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot
8	help	present	using	bacteria		vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent bacteria=Beneficiary clause=Theme
9	become	infinitive	bacteria not said here		resistant property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
10	stop	gerund		a course of antibiotics	early property	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality course=Eventuality
11	leave	can		the toughest bacteria	alive property	vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacteria=Theme
12	grow back	to-infinitive				vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/11/