Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad, sentence 12
A vaccine shows the body a harmless copy or piece of a germ, so the immune system learns to recognise it and can fight the real germ fast; Edward Jenner made the first vaccine, against smallpox, in 1796.
Who acts: vaccine, immune system, Edward · What happens: show, learn, recognise, fight, make, copy · To what, where: harmless copy, body, system, real germ, first vaccine, 1796
This is a sentence of the lesson «Microbes: bacteria and viruses, good and bad» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (vaccine, immune system, Edward), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 vaccine | det |
| 2 | vaccine | vaccine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 shows | nsubj |
| 3 | shows | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 body | det |
| 5 | body | body | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 shows | iobj |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 copy | det |
| 7 | harmless | harmless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 copy | amod |
| 8 | copy | copy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 shows | obj |
| 9 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 10 piece | cc |
| 10 | piece | piece | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 copy | conj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 13 germ | case |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 germ | det |
| 13 | germ | germ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 copy | nmod |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 learns | punct |
| 15 | so | so | ADV | _ | 19 learns | advmod |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 system | det |
| 17 | immune | immune | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 system | compound |
| 18 | system | system | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 learns | nsubj |
| 19 | learns | learn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 shows | conj |
| 20 | to | to | PART | _ | 21 recognise | mark |
| 21 | recognise | recognise | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 19 learns | xcomp |
| 22 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 recognise | obj |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 fight | cc |
| 24 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 25 fight | aux |
| 25 | fight | fight | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 19 learns | conj |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 28 germ | det |
| 27 | real | real | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 germ | amod |
| 28 | germ | germ | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 fight | obj |
| 29 | fast | fast | ADV | _ | 25 fight | advmod |
| 30 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 33 made | punct |
| 31 | Edward | Edward | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 made | nsubj |
| 32 | Jenner | Jenner | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 Edward | flat |
| 33 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 shows | conj |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 vaccine | det |
| 35 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 36 vaccine | amod |
| 36 | vaccine | vaccine | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 made | obj |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 smallpox | punct |
| 38 | against | against | ADP | _ | 39 smallpox | case |
| 39 | smallpox | smallpox | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 vaccine | nmod |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 1796 | punct |
| 41 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 1796 | case |
| 42 | 1796 | 1796 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 33 made | obl |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 shows | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | show | present | a vaccine | a harmless copy of a germ or piece | the body | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent body=Recipient copy=Topic | |||
| 2 | learn | present | the immune system | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 3 | recognise | to-infinitive | the immune system not said here | system | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | fight | can | the immune system not said here | the real germ | fast property | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Co-Agent | |||
| 5 | make | past | Edward | the first vaccine | 1796 | against smallpox | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vaccine=Product | ||
| 6 | copy | a germ | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:063-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/63-microbes-bacteria-and-viruses/12/