Cells, bones and muscles, sentence 11

Bones show white on an X-ray because the calcium in them stops X-rays more than soft muscle and skin, and a break shows as a dark line; bone cells slowly rebuild a break over several weeks, so a broken arm is kept still in a cast.

Who acts: Bones, calcium, break, bone cells · What happens: show, stop, rebuild, break, keep · To what, where: white, X ray, X rays, break, broken arm, cast

This is a sentence of the lesson «Cells, bones and muscles» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bones, calcium, break, bone cells), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 show	nsubj
2	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 show	obj
4	on	on	ADP	_	8 ray	case
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 ray	det
6	X	x	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 ray	compound
7	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 X	punct
8	ray	ray	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 show	obl
9	because	because	SCONJ	_	14 stops	mark
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 calcium	det
11	calcium	calcium	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 stops	nsubj
12	in	in	ADP	_	13 them	case
13	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 calcium	nmod
14	stops	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 show	advcl
15	X	x	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 rays	compound
16	-	-	PUNCT	_	15 X	punct
17	rays	ray	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 stops	obj
18	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	14 stops	obj
19	than	than	ADP	_	21 muscle	case
20	soft	soft	ADJ	Degree=Pos	21 muscle	amod
21	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 more	obl
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	23 skin	cc
23	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 muscle	conj
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 shows	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 shows	cc
26	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	27 break	det
27	break	break	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 shows	nsubj
28	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 show	conj
29	as	as	ADP	_	32 line	case
30	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	32 line	det
31	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	32 line	amod
32	line	line	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 shows	obl
33	;	;	PUNCT	_	37 rebuild	punct
34	bone	bone	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 cells	compound
35	cells	cell	NOUN	Number=Plur	37 rebuild	nsubj
36	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	37 rebuild	advmod
37	rebuild	rebuild	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	28 shows	conj
38	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	39 break	det
39	break	break	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 rebuild	obj
40	over	over	ADP	_	42 weeks	case
41	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	42 weeks	amod
42	weeks	week	NOUN	Number=Plur	37 rebuild	obl
43	,	,	PUNCT	_	49 kept	punct
44	so	so	ADV	_	49 kept	advmod
45	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	47 arm	det
46	broken	break	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	47 arm	amod
47	arm	arm	NOUN	Number=Sing	49 kept	nsubj:pass
48	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	49 kept	aux:pass
49	kept	keep	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	37 rebuild	advcl
50	still	still	ADV	_	49 kept	advmod
51	in	in	ADP	_	53 cast	case
52	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	53 cast	det
53	cast	cast	NOUN	Number=Sing	49 kept	obl
54	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 show	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	Bones	white	a X ray			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent white=Recipient
2	stop	present	the calcium in bones	X rays				tree rules
3	show	present	a break				as a dark line	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	rebuild	infinitive	bone cells	a break		week	slowly property	vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent break=Result
5	break	participle						vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient
6	keep	present · passive		a broken arm	a cast	still		vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme in cast=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:064-cells-bones-and-muscles.lesson:11.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×5, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/64-cells-bones-and-muscles/11/