Senses: eyes and ears, sentence 13
Sound is vibration in the air: it shakes the eardrum, three tiny bones called the hammer, anvil and stirrup pass it on, and hair cells in the snail-shaped cochlea turn it into nerve signals.
Who acts: Sound, many, three tiny bones, hair cells · What happens: be, shake, call, pass on, shape, turn · To what, where: vibration, air, eardrum, hammer, many, nerve signals · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Senses: eyes and ears» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Sound, many, three tiny bones, hair cells), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sound | Sound | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 vibration | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 vibration | cop |
| 3 | vibration | vibration | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 air | case |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 air | det |
| 6 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 vibration | nmod |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 9 shakes | punct |
| 8 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 9 shakes | nsubj |
| 9 | shakes | shake | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 vibration | parataxis |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 eardrum | det |
| 11 | eardrum | eardrum | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 shakes | obj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 bones | punct |
| 13 | three | three | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 15 bones | nummod |
| 14 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 bones | amod |
| 15 | bones | bone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 eardrum | conj |
| 16 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 15 bones | acl |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 hammer | det |
| 18 | hammer | hammer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 called | obj |
| 19 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 anvil | punct |
| 20 | anvil | anvil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 hammer | appos |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 stirrup | cc |
| 22 | stirrup | stirrup | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 anvil | conj |
| 23 | pass | pass | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 shakes | conj |
| 24 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 pass | obj |
| 25 | on | on | ADP | _ | 23 pass | compound:prt |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 36 turn | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 turn | cc |
| 28 | hair | hair | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 cells | compound |
| 29 | cells | cell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 turn | nsubj |
| 30 | in | in | ADP | _ | 35 cochlea | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 35 cochlea | det |
| 32 | snail | snail | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 shaped | compound |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 34 shaped | punct |
| 34 | shaped | shape | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 35 cochlea | amod |
| 35 | cochlea | cochlea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 cells | nmod |
| 36 | turn | turn | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 pass | conj |
| 37 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 36 turn | obj |
| 38 | into | into | ADP | _ | 40 signals | case |
| 39 | nerve | nerve | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 signals | compound |
| 40 | signals | signal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 turn | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 vibration | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Sound | vibration | the air | tree rules | |||
| 2 | shake | present | many | the eardrum and three tiny bones | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent eardrum=Patient | ||||
| 3 | call | participle | three tiny bones not said here | the hammer | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent hammer=Recipient | ||||
| 4 | pass on | present | many not said here | many | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme | ||||
| 5 | shape | participle | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset | ||||||
| 6 | turn | present | hair cells in the shaped cochlea | many | nerve signals | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent it=Theme into signal=Trajectory |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:069-senses-eyes-and-ears.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/69-senses-eyes-and-ears/13/