Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise, sentence 15
In 1928 Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould, Penicillium, had killed bacteria on a dish, which led to penicillin; antibiotics only work on bacteria, and taking them when not needed helps bacteria become resistant.
Who acts: Alexander, mould, dish, antibiotics, taking, bacteria · What happens: notice, kill, lead, work, take, not need · To what, where: 1928, bacteria, dish, antibiotics · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Staying healthy: germs, vaccines, sleep, food and exercise» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Alexander, mould, dish, antibiotics), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 2 1928 | case |
| 2 | 1928 | 1928 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 5 noticed | obl |
| 3 | Alexander | Alexander | PROPN | Number=Sing | 5 noticed | nsubj |
| 4 | Fleming | Fleming | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 Alexander | flat |
| 5 | noticed | notice | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 13 killed | mark |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 mould | det |
| 8 | mould | mould | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 killed | nsubj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 10 Penicillium | punct |
| 10 | Penicillium | Penicillium | PROPN | Number=Sing | 8 mould | appos |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 8 mould | punct |
| 12 | had | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 killed | aux |
| 13 | killed | kill | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 5 noticed | ccomp |
| 14 | bacteria | bacterium | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 killed | obj |
| 15 | on | on | ADP | _ | 17 dish | case |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 dish | det |
| 17 | dish | dish | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 killed | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 led | punct |
| 19 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 led | nsubj |
| 20 | led | lead | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 17 dish | acl:relcl |
| 21 | to | to | ADP | _ | 22 penicillin | case |
| 22 | penicillin | penicillin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 led | obl |
| 23 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 26 work | punct |
| 24 | antibiotics | antibiotic | NOUN | Number=Plur | 26 work | nsubj |
| 25 | only | only | ADV | _ | 26 work | advmod |
| 26 | work | work | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 noticed | conj |
| 27 | on | on | ADP | _ | 28 bacteria | case |
| 28 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 work | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 taking | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 helps | cc |
| 31 | taking | take | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 36 helps | csubj |
| 32 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 31 taking | obj |
| 33 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 35 needed | advmod |
| 34 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 35 needed | advmod |
| 35 | needed | need | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 31 taking | advcl |
| 36 | helps | help | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 work | conj |
| 37 | bacteria | bacteria | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 helps | obj |
| 38 | become | become | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 36 helps | xcomp |
| 39 | resistant | resistant | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 become | xcomp |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 noticed | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- narrate
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | notice | past | Alexander | 1928 | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | kill | past · perfect | a mould | bacteria | a dish | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bacterium=Theme | |||
| 3 | lead | past | a dish | to penicillin | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to penicillin=Patient | ||||
| 4 | work | present | antibiotics | on bacteria | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on bacteria=Theme | ||||
| 5 | take | gerund | antibiotics = antibiotic | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | |||||
| 6 | not need | participle | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot | ||||||
| 7 | help | present | taking | bacteria | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent bacteria=Beneficiary clause=Theme | ||||
| 8 | become | infinitive | bacteria not said here | resistant property | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:072-staying-healthy.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/72-staying-healthy/15/