Fossils: how we know about life long ago, sentence 9

Rock layers are laid one on top of another, so lower layers are usually older; scientists date volcanic ash layers with natural atomic clocks in the rock.

Who acts: lower layers, scientists · What happens: laid, be, date · To what, where: Rock layers, volcanic ash layers, rock

This is a sentence of the lesson «Fossils: how we know about life long ago» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lower layers, scientists), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 layers	compound
2	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 laid	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 laid	aux:pass
4	laid	laid	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 laid	obj
6	on	on	ADP	_	7 top	case
7	top	top	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 one	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 another	case
9	another	another	DET	PronType=Ind	7 top	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 older	punct
11	so	so	ADV	_	16 older	advmod
12	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	13 layers	amod
13	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 older	nsubj
14	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	16 older	cop
15	usually	usually	ADV	_	16 older	advmod
16	older	old	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	4 laid	parataxis
17	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 layers	punct
18	scientists	scientist	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 date	nsubj
19	date	date	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 laid	parataxis
20	volcanic	volcanic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 layers	amod
21	ash	ash	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 layers	compound
22	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 date	obj
23	with	with	ADP	_	26 clocks	case
24	natural	natural	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 clocks	amod
25	atomic	atomic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	26 clocks	amod
26	clocks	clock	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 layers	nmod
27	in	in	ADP	_	29 rock	case
28	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	29 rock	det
29	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 layers	nmod
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 laid	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: kept the draft

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	laid	present · passive		Rock layers			tree rules
2	is	present	lower layers			old, usually property	tree rules
3	date	present	scientists	volcanic ash layers	the rock	with natural atomic clocks	vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent layer=Destination with clock=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:074-fossils-life-long-ago.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/74-fossils-life-long-ago/9/