The four tones: same sound, different meaning, sentence 15
mǎi (dipping) is to buy and mài (falling) is to sell; only the tone tells these opposites apart.
Who acts: mǎi, mài, tone · What happens: be, tell · To what, where: opposites · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «The four tones: same sound, different meaning» of the chinese street course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mǎi, mài, tone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mǎi | mǎi | X | Foreign=Yes | 7 buy | nsubj |
| 2 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 3 dipping | punct |
| 3 | dipping | dipping | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 mǎi | appos |
| 4 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 3 dipping | punct |
| 5 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 buy | cop |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 buy | mark |
| 7 | buy | buy | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | root | root |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 sell | cc |
| 9 | mài | mài | X | Foreign=Yes | 15 sell | nsubj |
| 10 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 11 falling | punct |
| 11 | falling | falling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 mài | appos |
| 12 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 11 falling | punct |
| 13 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 sell | cop |
| 14 | to | to | PART | _ | 15 sell | mark |
| 15 | sell | sell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 7 buy | conj |
| 16 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 tells | punct |
| 17 | only | only | ADV | _ | 19 tone | advmod |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 19 tone | det |
| 19 | tone | tone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 tells | nsubj |
| 20 | tells | tell | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 buy | parataxis |
| 21 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 22 opposites | det |
| 22 | opposites | opposite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 tells | obj |
| 23 | apart | apart | ADV | _ | 20 tells | advmod |
| 24 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 buy | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | present | mǎi | buy property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | is | present | mài | sell property | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | tell speech: assert | present | the tone | this opposites | apart property | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent opposite=Recipient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:chinese-street:002-the-four-tones.lesson:15.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chinese-street/2-the-four-tones/15/