Active and passive voice, modal verbs, sentence 16

"Could have" ("could've") plus a past form, as in "he could have helped", means he was able to but didn't.

Who acts: passive · What happens: have, help, mean, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «Active and passive voice, modal verbs» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (passive), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 have	punct
2	Could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 have	aux
3	have	have	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 have	punct
5	(	(	PUNCT	_	8 've	punct
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 've	punct
7	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 've	aux
8	've	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	3 have	parataxis
9	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 've	punct
10	)	)	PUNCT	_	3 have	punct
11	plus	plus	CCONJ	_	14 form	cc
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 form	det
13	past	past	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 form	amod
14	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 have	conj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	22 helped	punct
16	as	as	SCONJ	_	22 helped	mark
17	in	in	ADP	_	16 as	fixed
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	22 helped	punct
19	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	22 helped	nsubj
20	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	22 helped	aux
21	have	have	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	22 helped	aux
22	helped	help	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	3 have	parataxis
23	"	"	PUNCT	_	22 helped	punct
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	25 means	punct
25	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 have	parataxis
26	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	28 able	nsubj
27	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	28 able	cop
28	able	able	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 means	ccomp
29	to	to	PART	_	28 able	xcomp
30	but	but	CCONJ	_	31 did	cc
31	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	28 able	conj
32	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	31 did	advmod
33	.	.	PUNCT	_	25 means	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed act=assert

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	have in a quote	could			tree rules
2	help in a quote	could · perfect	passive		vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
3	mean	present			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
4	is	past	passive	able property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:032-active-and-passive-voice-modal-verbs.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×3, R8-pos-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/32-active-and-passive-voice-modal-verbs/16/