Paragraphs and cohesion: holding a text together, sentence 2
Cohesion is the glue that makes the sentences and paragraphs hang together: pronouns (Max ... he), linking words (because, however), time and place openers (Later that day, Meanwhile, Outside) and repeated key words all hold the reader's hand.
Who acts: Cohesion, glue, sentences, words, key words · What happens: be, make, hang together, link, repeat, hold · To what, where: glue, sentences, hand
This is a sentence of the lesson «Paragraphs and cohesion: holding a text together» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cohesion, glue, sentences, words), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cohesion | cohesion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 glue | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 glue | cop |
| 3 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 glue | det |
| 4 | glue | glue | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 6 makes | nsubj |
| 6 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 glue | acl:relcl |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 sentences | det |
| 8 | sentences | sentence | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 makes | obj |
| 9 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 paragraphs | cc |
| 10 | paragraphs | paragraph | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 sentences | conj |
| 11 | hang | hang | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 makes | xcomp |
| 12 | together | together | ADV | _ | 11 hang | advmod |
| 13 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 14 pronouns | punct |
| 14 | pronouns | pronoun | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 glue | appos |
| 15 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 16 Max | punct |
| 16 | Max | Max | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 makes | obj |
| 17 | ... | ... | PUNCT | _ | 18 he | punct |
| 18 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 Max | conj |
| 19 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 16 Max | punct |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 words | punct |
| 21 | linking | link | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 22 words | acl |
| 22 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 glue | appos |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 32 openers | punct |
| 24 | because | because | ADP | ExtPos=ADP | 32 openers | case |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 because | punct |
| 26 | however | however | ADV | _ | 32 openers | advmod |
| 27 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 26 however | punct |
| 28 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 26 however | punct |
| 29 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 openers | compound |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 place | cc |
| 31 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 time | conj |
| 32 | openers | opener | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 words | appos |
| 33 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 36 day | punct |
| 34 | Later | late | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 36 day | advmod |
| 35 | that | that | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 36 day | det |
| 36 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 openers | nmod |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 Meanwhile | punct |
| 38 | Meanwhile | meanwhile | ADV | _ | 32 openers | advmod |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 Outside | punct |
| 40 | Outside | outside | ADV | _ | 38 Meanwhile | advmod |
| 41 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 32 openers | punct |
| 42 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 43 repeated | cc |
| 43 | repeated | repeat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 22 words | conj |
| 44 | key | key | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 45 words | amod |
| 45 | words | word | NOUN | Number=Plur | 47 hold | nsubj |
| 46 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 47 hold | advmod |
| 47 | hold | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 43 repeated | ccomp |
| 48 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 49 reader | det |
| 49 | reader | reader | NOUN | Number=Sing | 51 hand | nmod:poss |
| 50 | 's | 's | PART | _ | 49 reader | case |
| 51 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 47 hold | obj |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 glue | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Cohesion | the glue | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | make | present | the glue | the sentences and paragraphs | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | hang together | infinitive | the sentences and paragraphs not said here | together property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 4 | link | gerund | words not said here | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | repeat | participle | Cohesion not said here | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 6 | hold | present | key words | the reader's hand | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:037-paragraphs-and-cohesion-holding-a-text-together.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/37-paragraphs-and-cohesion-holding-a-text-together/2/