Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages, sentence 1
You never need to know the language beforehand: everything is in the data, and the trick is to line the examples up and spot what changes and what stays the same.
Who acts: You, everything, trick · What happens: not need, know, be, spot, change, stay · To what, where: language, data
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (You, everything, trick), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | You | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 3 need | nsubj |
| 2 | never | never | ADV | PronType=Neg | 3 need | advmod |
| 3 | need | need | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | to | to | PART | _ | 5 know | mark |
| 5 | know | know | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 need | xcomp |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 language | det |
| 7 | language | language | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 know | obj |
| 8 | beforehand | beforehand | ADV | _ | 5 know | advmod |
| 9 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 3 need | punct |
| 10 | everything | everything | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Tot | 14 data | nsubj |
| 11 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 data | cop |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 data | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 data | det |
| 14 | data | data | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 need | parataxis |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 line | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 line | cc |
| 17 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 trick | det |
| 18 | trick | trick | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 line | nsubj |
| 19 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 21 line | cop |
| 20 | to | to | PART | _ | 21 line | mark |
| 21 | line | line | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 5 know | conj |
| 22 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 23 examples | det |
| 23 | examples | example | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 line | obj |
| 24 | up | up | ADP | _ | 21 line | compound:prt |
| 25 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 26 spot | cc |
| 26 | spot | spot | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 21 line | conj |
| 27 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 28 changes | nsubj |
| 28 | changes | change | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 26 spot | ccomp |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 stays | cc |
| 30 | what | what | PRON | PronType=Int | 31 stays | nsubj |
| 31 | stays | stay | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 changes | conj |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 same | det |
| 33 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 stays | xcomp |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 need | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not need | present | You | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme | |||||
| 2 | know not said to happen | to-infinitive | You not said here | the language | beforehand property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer language=Stimulus | |||
| 3 | is | present | everything | the data | tree rules | ||||
| 4 | is | present | the trick | line property | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | spot | infinitive | the trick not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 6 | change | present | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 7 | stay | present | same property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:1.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/1/