Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages, sentence 11
In Lumi, -sa makes a plural, -i means "my" and -ou means "your", added in that order: tak (cat), taki (my cat), takou (your cat), taksa (cats), taksai (my cats).
Who acts: sa, i · What happens: make, mean, add · To what, where: plural, Lumi, my, order
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sa, i), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 2 Lumi | case |
| 2 | Lumi | Lumi | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 makes | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Lumi | punct |
| 4 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 5 sa | punct |
| 5 | sa | SA | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 makes | nsubj |
| 6 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 plural | det |
| 8 | plural | plural | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 makes | obj |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 makes | punct |
| 10 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 12 means | punct |
| 11 | i | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 12 means | nsubj |
| 12 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 makes | parataxis |
| 13 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 my | punct |
| 14 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 means | obj |
| 15 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 14 my | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 19 means | cc |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 16 and | punct |
| 18 | ou | ou | X | Foreign=Yes | 19 means | discourse |
| 19 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 means | parataxis |
| 20 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 21 your | punct |
| 21 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 19 means | obj |
| 22 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 21 your | punct |
| 23 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 24 added | punct |
| 24 | added | add | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 makes | conj |
| 25 | in | in | ADP | _ | 27 order | case |
| 26 | that | that | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 27 order | det |
| 27 | order | order | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 added | obl |
| 28 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 29 tak | punct |
| 29 | tak | tak | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 added | parataxis |
| 30 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 31 cat | punct |
| 31 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 tak | obj |
| 32 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 31 cat | punct |
| 33 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 taki | punct |
| 34 | taki | taki | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 tak | conj |
| 35 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 37 cat | punct |
| 36 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 37 cat | nmod:poss |
| 37 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 taki | appos |
| 38 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 37 cat | punct |
| 39 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 40 takou | punct |
| 40 | takou | takou | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 tak | conj |
| 41 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 43 cat | punct |
| 42 | your | your | PRON | Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 43 cat | nmod:poss |
| 43 | cat | cat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 takou | appos |
| 44 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 43 cat | punct |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 46 taksa | punct |
| 46 | taksa | taksa | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 tak | conj |
| 47 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 48 cats | punct |
| 48 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 makes | obl |
| 49 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 48 cats | punct |
| 50 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 51 taksai | punct |
| 51 | taksai | taksai | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 tak | conj |
| 52 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 54 cats | punct |
| 53 | my | my | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 54 cats | nmod:poss |
| 54 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 51 taksai | appos |
| 55 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 54 cats | punct |
| 56 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 makes | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | present | sa | a plural | Lumi | cats obl | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plural=Product | ||
| 2 | mean | present | i | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | mean | present | my | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | add speech: assert | participle | sa not said here | that order | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×6, R6-punct-agree ×4, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/11/