Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages, sentence 9
In Nam, ka- at the front means it happened in the past, and -ti at the end means "you": nalu = I swim, ka-nalu = I swam, nalu-ti = you swim, ka-nalu-ti = you swam.
Who acts: ka, it, ti, I, you · What happens: mean, happen, swim · To what, where: nalu, Nam, past, you, ka · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Olympiad: Breakthrough puzzles in made-up languages» of the english course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ka, it, ti, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 2 Nam | case |
| 2 | Nam | Nam | PROPN | Number=Sing | 9 means | obl |
| 3 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 2 Nam | punct |
| 4 | ka | ka | X | Foreign=Yes | 9 means | nsubj |
| 5 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 9 means | punct |
| 6 | at | at | ADP | _ | 8 front | case |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 front | det |
| 8 | front | front | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 means | obl |
| 9 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 10 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 11 happened | nsubj |
| 11 | happened | happen | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 means | ccomp |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 14 past | case |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 past | det |
| 14 | past | past | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 happened | obl |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 22 means | punct |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 means | cc |
| 17 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 16 and | punct |
| 18 | ti | it | X | Foreign=Yes | 22 means | nsubj |
| 19 | at | at | ADP | _ | 21 end | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 end | det |
| 21 | end | end | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 ti | obl |
| 22 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 means | conj |
| 23 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 24 you | punct |
| 24 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 22 means | obj |
| 25 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 24 you | punct |
| 26 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 27 nalu | punct |
| 27 | nalu | nalu | X | Foreign=Yes | 9 means | obj |
| 28 | = | = | SYM | _ | 30 swim | punct |
| 29 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 30 swim | nsubj |
| 30 | swim | swim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 means | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 swim | punct |
| 32 | ka | ka | X | Foreign=Yes | 30 swim | dep |
| 33 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 34 nalu | punct |
| 34 | nalu | nalu | X | Foreign=Yes | 9 means | obj |
| 35 | = | = | PUNCT | _ | 37 swam | punct |
| 36 | I | I | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs | 37 swam | nsubj |
| 37 | swam | swim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 means | conj |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 39 nalu | punct |
| 39 | nalu | nalu | X | Foreign=Yes | 37 swam | conj |
| 40 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 41 ti | punct |
| 41 | ti | ti | X | Foreign=Yes | 37 swam | conj |
| 42 | = | = | PUNCT | _ | 44 swim | punct |
| 43 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 44 swim | nsubj |
| 44 | swim | swim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 means | conj |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 swim | punct |
| 46 | ka | ka | X | Foreign=Yes | 44 swim | obj |
| 47 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 46 ka | punct |
| 48 | nalu | nalu | X | Foreign=Yes | 46 ka | flat |
| 49 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 50 ti | punct |
| 50 | ti | ti | X | Foreign=Yes | 44 swim | dep |
| 51 | = | = | PUNCT | _ | 53 swam | punct |
| 52 | you | you | PRON | Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs | 53 swam | nsubj |
| 53 | swam | swim | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 9 means | conj |
| 54 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 9 means | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | present | ka | nalu | Nam | at the front | tree rules | ||
| 2 | happen | past | it | the past | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in past=Location | ||||
| 3 | mean | present | ti | you | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Topic | ||||
| 4 | swim | present | I | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | swim | past | I | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 6 | swim | present | you | ka | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme ka=Trajectory | ||||
| 7 | swim | past | you | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:english:058-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/english/58-olympiad-breakthrough-puzzles-in-made-up-languages/9/