Soft words for hard things: drinking and drugs and religion and fate, sentence 2
For hundreds of years people also avoided saying the names of God, the Devil and hell out loud, because it felt rude or unlucky, so they said "the man upstairs", "old Nick" or "down below" instead.
Who acts: people, hell · What happens: avoid, say, feel, name · To what, where: names, man, God · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Soft words for hard things: drinking and drugs and religion and fate» of the euphemisms course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, hell), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | For | for | ADP | _ | 2 hundreds | case |
| 2 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 avoided | obl |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 years | case |
| 4 | years | year | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 hundreds | nmod |
| 5 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 avoided | nsubj |
| 6 | also | also | ADV | _ | 7 avoided | advmod |
| 7 | avoided | avoid | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 8 | saying | say | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 7 avoided | xcomp |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 names | det |
| 10 | names | name | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 saying | obj |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 God | case |
| 12 | God | God | PROPN | Number=Sing | 10 names | nmod |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 Devil | punct |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 15 Devil | det |
| 15 | Devil | Devil | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 God | conj |
| 16 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 hell | cc |
| 17 | hell | hell | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 God | conj |
| 18 | out | out | ADV | _ | 19 loud | advmod |
| 19 | loud | loud | ADV | _ | 8 saying | advmod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 felt | punct |
| 21 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 23 felt | mark |
| 22 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 23 felt | nsubj |
| 23 | felt | feel | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 7 avoided | advcl |
| 24 | rude | rude | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 felt | xcomp |
| 25 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 26 unlucky | cc |
| 26 | unlucky | unlucky | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 24 rude | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 said | punct |
| 28 | so | so | ADV | _ | 30 said | advmod |
| 29 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 30 said | nsubj |
| 30 | said | say | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 felt | conj |
| 31 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 man | punct |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 man | det |
| 33 | man | man | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 said | obj |
| 34 | upstairs | upstairs | ADV | _ | 33 man | advmod |
| 35 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 33 man | punct |
| 36 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 man | punct |
| 37 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 Nick | punct |
| 38 | old | old | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 Nick | amod |
| 39 | Nick | Nick | PROPN | Number=Sing | 33 man | conj |
| 40 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 Nick | punct |
| 41 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 43 down | cc |
| 42 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 43 down | punct |
| 43 | down | down | ADV | _ | 33 man | conj |
| 44 | below | below | ADV | _ | 43 down | advmod |
| 45 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 39 Nick | punct |
| 46 | instead | instead | ADV | _ | 30 said | advmod |
| 47 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 7 avoided | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | avoid | past | people | for hundreds of years | vn avoid-52 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme | ||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | gerund | people not said here | the names of God and the Devil and hell | loud property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent name=Topic | |||
| 3 | feel | past | hell | rude property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | say speech: assert | past | People | the man and old Nick | instead property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent man=Topic | |||
| 5 | name | God and the Devil and hell | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:euphemisms:031-drinking-drugs-religion-fate.lesson:2.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×2, R6-punct-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/euphemisms/31-drinking-drugs-religion-fate/2/