Silent letters: why French doesn't say everything it writes, sentence 9
The ending -er on a doing word, and the ending -ez, both say "ay": parler (to speak) sounds like "par-LAY" and parlez like "par-LAY" too.
Who acts: ending er, parler · What happens: do, say, speak, sound, parlez · To what, where: ay · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Silent letters: why French doesn't say everything it writes» of the french course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ending er, parler), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 4 er | det |
| 2 | ending | ending | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 er | compound |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 4 er | punct |
| 4 | er | er | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | on | on | ADP | _ | 8 word | case |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 word | det |
| 7 | doing | do | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 8 word | amod |
| 8 | word | word | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 er | nmod |
| 9 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 ending | punct |
| 10 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 ending | cc |
| 11 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 12 ending | det |
| 12 | ending | ending | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 er | conj |
| 13 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 14 ez | punct |
| 14 | ez | ez | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 ending | amod |
| 15 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 say | punct |
| 16 | both | both | ADV | _ | 17 say | advmod |
| 17 | say | say | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 er | acl |
| 18 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 ay | punct |
| 19 | ay | ay | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 say | obj |
| 20 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 19 ay | punct |
| 21 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 22 parler | punct |
| 22 | parler | parler | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 sounds | nsubj |
| 23 | ( | ( | PUNCT | _ | 25 speak | punct |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 speak | mark |
| 25 | speak | speak | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 22 parler | parataxis |
| 26 | ) | ) | PUNCT | _ | 25 speak | punct |
| 27 | sounds | sound | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 say | parataxis |
| 28 | like | like | ADP | _ | 30 par | case |
| 29 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 30 par | punct |
| 30 | par | par | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 sounds | obl |
| 31 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 32 LAY | punct |
| 32 | LAY | LAY | PROPN | Number=Sing | 30 par | appos |
| 33 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 32 LAY | punct |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 parlez | cc |
| 35 | parlez | parlez | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 27 sounds | conj |
| 36 | like | like | ADP | _ | 40 LAY | case |
| 37 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 LAY | punct |
| 38 | par | par | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 LAY | compound |
| 39 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 40 LAY | punct |
| 40 | LAY | LAY | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 parlez | obl |
| 41 | " | " | PUNCT | _ | 40 LAY | punct |
| 42 | too | too | ADV | _ | 35 parlez | advmod |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 17 say | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed voice=narrator
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | do | gerund | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 2 | say speech: assert | infinitive | the ending er on a doing word and the ending not said here | ay | both property | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent ay=Topic | |||
| 3 | speak speech: other | to-infinitive | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 4 | sound | present | parler | like par | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | ||||
| 5 | parlez | present | parler not said here | like par LAY | tree rules |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:french:001-silent-letters-why-french-doesnt-say-everything-it-writes.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/french/1-silent-letters-why-french-doesnt-say-everything-it-writes/9/