The Arctic and Antarctica, sentence 16

Since satellite measurements began in 1979, the area of Arctic sea ice at its September low has shrunk by roughly 40 percent, and the Arctic is warming about three to four times faster than the world as a whole: white ice reflects most sunlight back into space, but dark open sea soaks it up, so less ice means more warming.

Who acts: satellite measurements, area, Arctic, white ice, dark open sea, less ice · What happens: begin, shrink, warm, reflect, soak up, mean · To what, where: 1979, most sunlight, Arctic, more warming

This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic and Antarctica» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (satellite measurements, area, Arctic, white ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Since	since	SCONJ	_	4 began	mark
2	satellite	satellite	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 measurements	compound
3	measurements	measurement	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 began	nsubj
4	began	begin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	19 shrunk	advcl
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 1979	case
6	1979	1979	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	4 began	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 began	punct
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 area	det
9	area	area	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 shrunk	nsubj
10	of	of	ADP	_	13 ice	case
11	Arctic	arctic	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 ice	amod
12	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 ice	compound
13	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 area	nmod
14	at	at	ADP	_	17 low	case
15	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	17 low	nmod:poss
16	September	September	PROPN	Number=Sing	17 low	compound
17	low	low	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 shrunk	obl
18	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 shrunk	aux
19	shrunk	shrink	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	root	root
20	by	by	ADP	_	23 percent	case
21	roughly	roughly	ADV	_	22 40	advmod
22	40	40	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	23 percent	nummod
23	percent	percent	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 shrunk	obl
24	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 warming	punct
25	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 warming	cc
26	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	27 Arctic	det
27	Arctic	Arctic	PROPN	Number=Sing	29 warming	nsubj
28	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	29 warming	aux
29	warming	warm	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	19 shrunk	conj
30	about	about	ADP	_	34 times	case
31	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	34 times	nummod
32	to	to	ADP	_	33 four	case
33	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	31 three	nmod
34	times	time	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 warming	obl:unmarked
35	faster	fast	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	29 warming	advmod
36	than	than	ADP	_	38 world	case
37	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	38 world	det
38	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 faster	obl
39	as	as	ADP	_	41 whole	case
40	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	41 whole	det
41	whole	whole	ADJ	Degree=Pos	29 warming	ccomp
42	:	:	PUNCT	_	45 reflects	punct
43	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	44 ice	amod
44	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	45 reflects	nsubj
45	reflects	reflect	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 shrunk	parataxis
46	most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	47 sunlight	amod
47	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	Number=Sing	45 reflects	obj
48	back	back	ADV	_	47 sunlight	advmod
49	into	into	ADP	_	50 space	case
50	space	space	NOUN	Number=Sing	48 back	obl
51	,	,	PUNCT	_	56 soaks	punct
52	but	but	CCONJ	_	56 soaks	cc
53	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	55 sea	amod
54	open	open	ADJ	Degree=Pos	55 sea	amod
55	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	56 soaks	nsubj
56	soaks	soak	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	45 reflects	conj
57	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	56 soaks	obj
58	up	up	ADP	_	56 soaks	compound:prt
59	,	,	PUNCT	_	63 means	punct
60	so	so	ADV	_	63 means	advmod
61	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	62 ice	amod
62	ice	ice	NOUN	Number=Sing	63 means	nsubj
63	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	56 soaks	parataxis
64	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	65 warming	amod
65	warming	warming	NOUN	Number=Sing	63 means	obj
66	.	.	PUNCT	_	19 shrunk	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	begin	past	satellite measurements		1979			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
2	shrink	present · perfect	the area of Arctic sea ice				by 40 percent; at area's September low	vn flinch-40.5 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer at low=Stimulus
3	warm	present · progressive	the Arctic			time		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	reflect	present	white ice	most sunlight				tree rules
5	soak up	present	dark open sea	Arctic				vn wipe_manner-10.4.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme
6	mean	present	less ice	more warming				vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent warming=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:015-the-arctic-and-antarctica.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/15-the-arctic-and-antarctica/16/