Weather, storms and the changing climate, sentence 13
A thunderstorm forms when warm, moist air rises fast and builds a tall cumulonimbus cloud, where ice and water bump together and build up electric charge.
Who acts: thunderstorm, warm moist air, ice · What happens: form, rise, build, bump, build up · To what, where: tall cumulonimbus cloud, electric charge
This is a sentence of the lesson «Weather, storms and the changing climate» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thunderstorm, warm moist air, ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 2 thunderstorm | det |
| 2 | thunderstorm | thunderstorm | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 forms | nsubj |
| 3 | forms | form | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | when | when | SCONJ | _ | 9 rises | mark |
| 5 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 air | amod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 warm | punct |
| 7 | moist | moist | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 air | amod |
| 8 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 rises | nsubj |
| 9 | rises | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 forms | advcl |
| 10 | fast | fast | ADV | Degree=Pos | 9 rises | advmod |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 builds | cc |
| 12 | builds | build | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 rises | conj |
| 13 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 cloud | det |
| 14 | tall | tall | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 cloud | amod |
| 15 | cumulonimbus | cumulonimbus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 cloud | compound |
| 16 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 builds | obj |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 ice | punct |
| 18 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 22 bump | advmod |
| 19 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 bump | nsubj |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 water | cc |
| 21 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 ice | conj |
| 22 | bump | bump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 16 cloud | acl:relcl |
| 23 | together | together | ADV | _ | 22 bump | advmod |
| 24 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 build | cc |
| 25 | build | build | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 bump | conj |
| 26 | up | up | ADP | _ | 25 build | compound:prt |
| 27 | electric | electric | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 charge | amod |
| 28 | charge | charge | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 build | obj |
| 29 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 forms | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | form | present | a thunderstorm | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | rise | present | warm moist air | fast property | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | build | present | warm moist air not said here | a tall cumulonimbus cloud | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cloud=Product | ||||
| 4 | bump | present | ice and water | together property | vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V together»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | build up | present | ice and water not said here | electric charge | vn caused_calibratable_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer charge=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:023-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate.lesson:13.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/13/