Weather, storms and the changing climate, sentence 19
A warmer climate makes heatwaves more common, dries the ground faster and, because warm air holds more water, can make heavy downpours heavier, and in 2022 Britain recorded over 40 degrees Celsius for the first time.
Who acts: warmer climate, warm air, Britain · What happens: make, dry, hold, record · To what, where: heatwaves, ground, more water, heavy downpours, 40 degrees, 2022
This is a sentence of the lesson «Weather, storms and the changing climate» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (warmer climate, warm air, Britain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 climate | det |
| 2 | warmer | warm | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 3 climate | amod |
| 3 | climate | climate | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 makes | nsubj |
| 4 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | heatwaves | heatwave | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 makes | obj |
| 6 | more | more | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 7 common | advmod |
| 7 | common | common | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 makes | xcomp |
| 8 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 9 dries | punct |
| 9 | dries | dry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 makes | conj |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 ground | det |
| 11 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 dries | obj |
| 12 | faster | fast | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 9 dries | advmod |
| 13 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 make | cc |
| 14 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 holds | punct |
| 15 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 18 holds | mark |
| 16 | warm | warm | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 air | amod |
| 17 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 holds | nsubj |
| 18 | holds | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 23 make | advcl |
| 19 | more | more | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 20 water | amod |
| 20 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 holds | obj |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 make | punct |
| 22 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 23 make | aux |
| 23 | make | make | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 4 makes | conj |
| 24 | heavy | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 25 downpours | amod |
| 25 | downpours | downpour | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 make | obj |
| 26 | heavier | heavy | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 23 make | xcomp |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 recorded | punct |
| 28 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 32 recorded | cc |
| 29 | in | in | ADP | _ | 30 2022 | case |
| 30 | 2022 | 2022 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 32 recorded | obl |
| 31 | Britain | Britain | PROPN | Number=Sing | 32 recorded | nsubj |
| 32 | recorded | record | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 makes | conj |
| 33 | over | over | ADV | _ | 34 40 | advmod |
| 34 | 40 | 40 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 35 degrees | nummod |
| 35 | degrees | degree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 recorded | obj |
| 36 | Celsius | Celsius | PROPN | Number=Sing | 35 degrees | compound |
| 37 | for | for | ADP | _ | 40 time | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 time | det |
| 39 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 40 time | amod |
| 40 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 recorded | obl |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 makes | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | present | a warmer climate | heatwaves | common property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset heatwave=Product | |||
| 2 | dry | present | a warmer climate not said here | the ground | fast property | vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient ground=Result | |||
| 3 | hold | present | warm air | more water | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme | ||||
| 4 | make | can | a warmer climate not said here | heavy downpours | heavy property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset downpour=Product | |||
| 5 | record | past | Britain | 40 degrees | 2022 | time | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent degree=Theme in 2022=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:023-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate.lesson:19.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/23-weather-storms-and-the-changing-climate/19/