Food and farming around the world, sentence 18
Farmers in hilly places cut steps called terraces into the slopes, so the flat steps hold water and stop soil washing away, as in the rice terraces of the Philippines and the farming terraces of the Inca in the Andes.
Who acts: Farmers, steps, flat steps · What happens: cut, call, hold, stop, wash away · To what, where: steps, terraces, water, soil · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Food and farming around the world» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Farmers, steps, flat steps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Farmers | farmer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 cut | nsubj |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 4 places | case |
| 3 | hilly | hilly | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 places | amod |
| 4 | places | place | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Farmers | nmod |
| 5 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | steps | step | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 cut | obj |
| 7 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 steps | acl |
| 8 | terraces | terrace | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 called | xcomp |
| 9 | into | into | ADP | _ | 11 slopes | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 slopes | det |
| 11 | slopes | slope | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 terraces | nmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 hold | punct |
| 13 | so | so | ADV | _ | 17 hold | advmod |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 steps | det |
| 15 | flat | flat | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 steps | amod |
| 16 | steps | step | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 hold | nsubj |
| 17 | hold | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 cut | advcl |
| 18 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 hold | obj |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 20 stop | cc |
| 20 | stop | stop | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 hold | conj |
| 21 | soil | soil | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 stop | obj |
| 22 | washing | wash | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 stop | advcl |
| 23 | away | away | ADV | _ | 22 washing | advmod |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 terraces | punct |
| 25 | as | as | ADP | _ | 29 terraces | case |
| 26 | in | in | ADP | _ | 29 terraces | case |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 terraces | det |
| 28 | rice | rice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 terraces | compound |
| 29 | terraces | terrace | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 terraces | conj |
| 30 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 Philippines | case |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 Philippines | det |
| 32 | Philippines | Philippines | PROPN | Number=Ptan | 29 terraces | nmod |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 terraces | cc |
| 34 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 terraces | det |
| 35 | farming | farming | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 terraces | compound |
| 36 | terraces | terrace | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 terraces | conj |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 Inca | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 Inca | det |
| 39 | Inca | Inca | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 terraces | nmod |
| 40 | in | in | ADP | _ | 42 Andes | case |
| 41 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 42 Andes | det |
| 42 | Andes | Andes | PROPN | Number=Plur | 29 terraces | nmod |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 cut | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cut | present | Farmers in hilly places | steps | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent step=Product | ||||
| 2 | call | participle | steps not said here | terraces into the slopes and the rice terraces of the Philippines in the Andes and the farming terraces of the Inca | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | hold | present | the flat steps | water | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme | ||||
| 4 | stop | present | the flat steps not said here | soil | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality soil=Eventuality | ||||
| 5 | wash away | gerund | the flat steps not said here | away property | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:026-food-and-farming-around-the-world.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/26-food-and-farming-around-the-world/18/