The spice trade and the Indian Ocean, sentence 3
Long before Europeans arrived, the Indian Ocean was a busy sea of trade linking East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, South-East Asia and China, with great ports like Malacca, Calicut and Kilwa and huge Chinese fleets under Zheng He.
Who acts: Europeans, Indian Ocean, trade · What happens: arrive, be, link · To what, where: busy sea, East Africa
This is a sentence of the lesson «The spice trade and the Indian Ocean» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Europeans, Indian Ocean, trade), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 4 arrived | advmod |
| 2 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 4 arrived | mark |
| 3 | Europeans | European | PROPN | Number=Plur | 4 arrived | nsubj |
| 4 | arrived | arrive | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 sea | advcl |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 12 sea | punct |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 Ocean | det |
| 7 | Indian | Indian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 Ocean | amod |
| 8 | Ocean | Ocean | PROPN | Number=Sing | 12 sea | nsubj |
| 9 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 12 sea | cop |
| 10 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 sea | det |
| 11 | busy | busy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 sea | amod |
| 12 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 13 | of | of | ADP | _ | 14 trade | case |
| 14 | trade | trade | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 sea | nmod |
| 15 | linking | link | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 14 trade | acl |
| 16 | East | East | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Africa | compound |
| 17 | Africa | Africa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 linking | obj |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 19 Arabia | punct |
| 19 | Arabia | Arabia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Africa | conj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 Persia | punct |
| 21 | Persia | Persia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Africa | conj |
| 22 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 India | punct |
| 23 | India | India | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Africa | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 Asia | punct |
| 25 | South | South | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 Asia | compound |
| 26 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 28 Asia | punct |
| 27 | East | East | PROPN | Number=Sing | 28 Asia | compound |
| 28 | Asia | Asia | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Africa | conj |
| 29 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 30 China | cc |
| 30 | China | China | PROPN | Number=Sing | 17 Africa | conj |
| 31 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 ports | punct |
| 32 | with | with | ADP | _ | 34 ports | case |
| 33 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 ports | amod |
| 34 | ports | port | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 linking | obl |
| 35 | like | like | ADP | _ | 36 Malacca | case |
| 36 | Malacca | Malacca | PROPN | Number=Sing | 34 ports | nmod |
| 37 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 38 Calicut | punct |
| 38 | Calicut | Calicut | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 Malacca | conj |
| 39 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 Kilwa | cc |
| 40 | Kilwa | Kilwa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 36 Malacca | conj |
| 41 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 44 fleets | cc |
| 42 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 fleets | amod |
| 43 | Chinese | Chinese | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 44 fleets | amod |
| 44 | fleets | fleet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 Malacca | conj |
| 45 | under | under | ADP | _ | 46 Zheng | case |
| 46 | Zheng | Zheng | PROPN | Number=Sing | 44 fleets | nmod |
| 47 | He | He | PROPN | _ | 46 Zheng | flat |
| 48 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 12 sea | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | arrive | past | Europeans | long property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | is a | past | the Indian Ocean | a busy sea | of trade | tree rules | |||
| 3 | link | gerund | trade not said here | East Africa and Arabia and Persia and India and South East Asia and China | with great ports like Malacca and Calicut and Kilwa and huge Chinese fleets under Zheng | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent africa=Patient with port=Co-Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:029-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/29-the-spice-trade-and-the-indian-ocean/3/