The Atlantic routes and the slave trade, sentence 4

About 12.5 million Africans were forced onto ships, and about 2 million died on the crossing, called the Middle Passage, chained below deck in crowded, filthy holds for weeks.

Who acts: 2 million · What happens: force, die, call, chain · To what, where: million Africans, ships, crossing, Middle Passage, deck · Speech: someone speaks here

This is a sentence of the lesson «The Atlantic routes and the slave trade» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (2 million), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	About	about	ADV	_	3 million	advmod
2	12.5	12.5	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Frac	3 million	compound
3	million	million	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 Africans	nummod
4	Africans	african	PROPN	Number=Plur	6 forced	nsubj:pass
5	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 forced	aux:pass
6	forced	force	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	onto	onto	ADP	_	8 ships	case
8	ships	ship	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 forced	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 died	punct
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 died	cc
11	about	about	ADV	_	13 million	advmod
12	2	2	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	13 million	compound
13	million	million	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	14 died	nsubj
14	died	die	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 forced	conj
15	on	on	ADP	_	17 crossing	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 crossing	det
17	crossing	crossing	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 died	obl
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 called	punct
19	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 crossing	acl
20	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	22 Passage	det
21	Middle	Middle	PROPN	Number=Sing	22 Passage	compound
22	Passage	passage	PROPN	Number=Sing	19 called	xcomp
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 chained	punct
24	chained	chain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	22 Passage	acl
25	below	below	ADP	_	26 deck	case
26	deck	deck	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 chained	obl
27	in	in	ADP	_	31 holds	case
28	crowded	crowded	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 holds	amod
29	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 crowded	punct
30	filthy	filthy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	31 holds	amod
31	holds	hold	NOUN	Number=Plur	24 chained	obl
32	for	for	ADP	_	33 weeks	case
33	weeks	week	NOUN	Number=Plur	31 holds	nmod
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 forced	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	force	past · passive		million Africans	ships		vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Recipient
2	die	past	2 million		the crossing		vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
3	call	participle		the crossing not said here			vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	chain	participle		the Middle Passage not said here	deck	in crowded filthy holds for weeks	vn tape-22.4 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:030-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade.lesson:4.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/30-the-atlantic-routes-and-the-slave-trade/4/