Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, sentence 1
Because each layer settles on top of the one before, in rock that has not been disturbed the lowest layers are the oldest, so a cliff face reads like a history book from the bottom up.
Who acts: layer, lowest layers, cliff face · What happens: settle, not disturb, be, read · To what, where: rock, bottom
This is a sentence of the lesson «Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (layer, lowest layers, cliff face), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Because | because | SCONJ | _ | 4 settles | mark |
| 2 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 3 layer | det |
| 3 | layer | layer | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 settles | nsubj |
| 4 | settles | settle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 oldest | advcl |
| 5 | on | on | ADP | _ | 6 top | case |
| 6 | top | top | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 settles | obl |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 one | case |
| 8 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 one | det |
| 9 | one | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 top | nmod |
| 10 | before | before | ADV | _ | 9 one | advmod |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 rock | punct |
| 12 | in | in | ADP | _ | 13 rock | case |
| 13 | rock | rock | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 oldest | obl |
| 14 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 disturbed | nsubj:pass |
| 15 | has | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 18 disturbed | aux |
| 16 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 18 disturbed | advmod |
| 17 | been | be | AUX | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 18 disturbed | aux:pass |
| 18 | disturbed | disturb | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 13 rock | acl:relcl |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 layers | det |
| 20 | lowest | low | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 21 layers | amod |
| 21 | layers | layer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 oldest | nsubj |
| 22 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 oldest | cop |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 oldest | det |
| 24 | oldest | old | ADJ | Degree=Sup | root | root |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 reads | punct |
| 26 | so | so | ADV | _ | 30 reads | advmod |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 29 face | det |
| 28 | cliff | cliff | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 face | compound |
| 29 | face | face | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 reads | nsubj |
| 30 | reads | read | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 24 oldest | parataxis |
| 31 | like | like | ADP | _ | 34 book | case |
| 32 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 book | det |
| 33 | history | history | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 book | compound |
| 34 | book | book | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 reads | obl |
| 35 | from | from | ADP | _ | 37 bottom | case |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 37 bottom | det |
| 37 | bottom | bottom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 reads | obl |
| 38 | up | up | ADV | _ | 37 bottom | advmod |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 24 oldest | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | settle | present | each layer | on top of the one | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V PP.theme S»: agent=Agent on top=Topic | ||||
| 2 | not disturb | present · perfect · passive | rock | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer | |||||
| 3 | is | present | the lowest layers | rock | old property | tree rules | |||
| 4 | read | present | a cliff face | the bottom | like a history book | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source»: agent=Agent from bottom=Source |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:049-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks.lesson:1.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R6-punct-agree ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/49-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks/1/