Coal, oil and gas, sentence 7

They took millions of years to form and we are using them up in centuries, so countries are turning to the sun and wind; Britain closed its last coal power station in 2024.

Who acts: lungs, we, countries, Britain · What happens: take, form, use up, turn, close · To what, where: millions, lungs, sun, last coal power station

This is a sentence of the lesson «Coal, oil and gas» of the geography course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lungs, we, countries, Britain), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 took	nsubj
2	took	take	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 took	obj
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 years	case
5	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 millions	nmod
6	to	to	PART	_	7 form	mark
7	form	form	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 took	advcl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 using	cc
9	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	11 using	nsubj
10	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 using	aux
11	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 took	conj
12	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 using	obj
13	up	up	ADP	_	11 using	compound:prt
14	in	in	ADP	_	15 centuries	case
15	centuries	century	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 using	obl
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 turning	punct
17	so	so	ADV	_	20 turning	advmod
18	countries	country	NOUN	Number=Plur	20 turning	nsubj
19	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	20 turning	aux
20	turning	turn	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 took	conj
21	to	to	ADP	_	23 sun	case
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 sun	det
23	sun	sun	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 turning	obl
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	25 wind	cc
25	wind	wind	NOUN	Number=Sing	23 sun	conj
26	;	;	PUNCT	_	28 closed	punct
27	Britain	Britain	PROPN	Number=Sing	28 closed	nsubj
28	closed	close	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 took	parataxis
29	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	33 station	nmod:poss
30	last	last	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 station	amod
31	coal	coal	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 station	compound
32	power	power	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 station	compound
33	station	station	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 closed	obj
34	in	in	ADP	_	35 2024	case
35	2024	2024	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	28 closed	obl
36	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 took	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	take	past	lungs = lung	millions of years				vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent million=Theme
2	form	to-infinitive	lungs = lung not said here					vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	use up	present · progressive	we	lungs = lung		century		vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient
4	turn	present · progressive	countries		the sun and wind			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme to sun=Trajectory
5	close	past	Britain	wind's last coal power station			in 2024	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent station=Patient in 2024=Topic

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:geography:059-coal-oil-and-gas.lesson:7.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/geography/59-coal-oil-and-gas/7/